Grafting synthesis

Typical values for mf n are 0.5 to 2.5. Gommercially used bases include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide (lime), magnesium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium alurninate, calcium carbonate, or various mixtures. For certain appHcations, PAG can be made from waste grades of aluminum chloride [7446-70-0] such as spent catalyst solutions from Friedel-Grafts synthesis (see Friedel-Grafts reaction). 

Table 38.1. Ninhydrin assays for surface amines using grafted silicas. Determined from grafting synthesis and elemental analysis. "Typical standard deviations were...

Hyperbranched Poly(acrylic Acid) Graft Synthesis on Gold Surfaces... 

Scheme 8 PAMAM graft synthesis with incomplete branches highlighted in gray...

Vinyl Polymers. Vibromilling of a vinyl polymer in the presence of a polymerizable monomer can yield both graft and block copolymers. A typical example is the graft synthesis caused by vibromilling poly(methyl methacrylate) in the presence of gaseous vinyl chloride at 25° C for 12 h (19-21,38). 

Selb, X and Gallot, Y. (1980c). Copolymers with polyvinylpyridinium blocks or grafts synthesis and properties in solution. In Polymeric amines and ammonium salts, (ed. 

Macromers by Controlled Initiation. New and unique graft copolymers can be prepared by copolymerizing macromers (macromolec-ular monomers) with conventional monomers. The synthesis of poly(butyl acrylate- -isobutylene), i.e., the first graft synthesis that involves carbocationic controlled initiation, has recently been accomplished by the following route (9) ... 

Table 1. Molecular weights of graft copolymers and homopolystyrene formed during graft synthesis...

The production of thermoplastics by polymer grafting synthesis techniques is widely used in the industry today. Large amounts of commercial thermoplastics, especially styrenic polymers, are nowadays produced by diverse grafting techniques, but other graft polymers are also produced commercially. Some of the most relevant examples are discussed below. 

Bucio, E., Contreras-Garcla, A., Melendez-Ortiz, H.I. et al. 2010. Smart polymers for biomedical applications and graft synthesis by y-rays. In Smart Polymer Materials for Biomedical Applications, eds. S. Li, A. Tiwari, M. Rrabaharan. et al., pp. 227-236. Nova Science Rubhshers, Inc., New York. 

J. Park, K. Park, Y. Bae, PDMS-based polyurethanes with MPEG grafts synthesis, characterization and platelet adhesion study. Biomaterials 20 (10) (1999) 943-953. 

Graft Synthesis. Free-radical-promoted grafting of acrylic and methacrylic acids and other water-soluble comonomers onto synthetic and natnral snbstrates gives unique polymeric structures quite different from the random copol5miers obtained in conventional copolymerization. These block and graft pol5miers bring a unique and different strnctnre/property balance with applications in many areas. 

Fig. 5-22 Template/graft synthesis of pyrrole/styrene graft copolymers. After Reference [138], reproduced with permission.

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