Grafting from and

Preparation of dendrigraft polymers has been achieved by three methods, namely (a) grafting onto , (b) grafting from , and (c) grafting through . 

Our group was the first to develop synthetic protocols for both grafting-from and grafting-to approaches to the modification of micrometer-sized inorganic (sihca) particles (Scheme 6) [38-40]. 

Photografting technologies, that is, the control of chemical surface functionalization by highly selective excitation with UV light, can be used for grafting to and grafting from and has been intensively explored for controlled functionalization of polymeric membranes [29]. 

When polymers are to be tethered to surfaces by covalent bonds, there are two fundamental approaches for achieving this grafting from and grafting onto. Grafting from means surface-initiated polymerization, whereby the polymer chains are created in situ. Grafting onto involves formation of covalent bonds between previously formed polymer chains and reactive groups at a surface (Fig. 9). Both methods have specific pros and cons. 

The synthesis of graft copolymers by grafting from and grafting onto techniques are reported in Table 4. 

By means of related procedures grafting from and onto radical VFA polymerization with functionalized silica are also possible. It was found that these methods are ineffective for the synthesis of PVFA/silica hybrid materials [103]. Hence, radical copolymerization of VFA with vinylsilane-function-alized silica particles was chosen [99]. The functionalization of silica particles with VTS yields, with good reproducibility, hybrid particles (VTS-silica) with an average carbon content of 3.4 w/w-%. Co-polymerization of VFA with VTS-silica particles was performed in aqueous suspensions containing 2,2 -azobis-(2-amidinopropene) dihydrochloride (ABAC) as initiator. The... 

Randomly branched comb-shaped polymers can be prepared by three general synthetic methods the grafting onto , the grafting from , and the grafting through or macromonomer method.88... 

Synthesis of graft copolymers resembles that of block copolymers with an increased number of reactive sites per macromolecule. There are two techniques similar to those used in block copolymer preparation, namely grafting from and grafting onto preformed chains. Another method, grafting through, is similar to that used in conventional random copolymerization, where in-chain units function as comonomers. 

Table 4.1 Comparison of grafting from and grafting to approaches.

The presence of appropriate active functional groups such as carboxylic acids or amines on the CNT surface allows for further covalent functionalisation with polymer molecules (polymer grafting). Two main approaches for the covalent functionalisation of CNTs with polymers have been reported grafting from and grafting The main differences, advantages... 

Segura and group prepared protein-targeted cationic polymers by ATRP using the grafting from approach. The application of grafting from and grafting to approaches to prepare biomolecular chimeras by LRP has... 

Graft copolymers by cationic polymerization may be obtained by the grafting from , and grafting onto methods and by (co)polymerization of macromonomers. 

Introducing polymer chains by plasma onto the membrane surface can be conducted in several ways grafting to, grafting from, and adsorption of the desired polymer on the polymer surface following its treatment with plasma. All these methods have found great application in membrane science. 

In recent years, focus has moved to the use of living radical polymerization techniques such as atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) for the production of well-defined polymer coatings. Both the grafting from and grafting to approaches have been explored for the attachment of MPC-based polymers onto a variety of substrates. Grafting from requires the incorporation of initiator sites onto the biomaterial surface prior to the polymerization reaction. This usually involves a series of... 

Fig. 5 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms of polymeric ODA (ODAJ, Sil-gf-ODA (grafting-from), and Sil-ODA (grafting-to).

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