Gradient selectivity term

A reverse osmosis membrane acts as the semipermeable barrier to flow ia the RO process, aHowiag selective passage of a particular species, usually water, while partially or completely retaining other species, ie, solutes such as salts. Chemical potential gradients across the membrane provide the driving forces for solute and solvent transport across the membrane. The solute chemical potential gradient, —is usually expressed ia terms of concentration the water (solvent) chemical potential gradient, —Afi, is usually expressed ia terms of pressure difference across the membrane. 

Apply the conservation of energy, Equation (3.40). Since the control volume is fixed the pressure work term does not apply. The shear work (v x shear force) is zero because (a) the radius of the control volume was selected so that the velocity and its gradient are zero on the cylindrical face and (b) at the base faces, the velocity is normal to any shear surface force. Similarly, no heat is conducted at the cylindrical surface because the radial temperature gradient is zero, and conduction is ignored at the bases since we assume the axial temperature gradients are small. However, heat is lost by radiation as... 

HP-jS-CD were added. All compounds were resolved in 20 min (see Figure 5). The data indicated that the validated method offered equivalent and complementary information, in terms of selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy, linearity, and precision, to that of an established gradient LC method employed for similar purposes. Ragaglitazar is a dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ot and y agonist intended to restore insulin sensitivity and correct diabetic dyslipidemia. A chiral CZE method combining two CDs, sulfobutylether-jS-CD and dimethyl-/i-CD, lent itself to the analysis of ragaglitazar, its distomer (the (+)... 

The emission index in general is defined as the mass of pollutant emitted per unit mass of fuel consumed. In quasi-steady diffusion flames, this is the ratio of the mass flux of pollutant out of the flame to the mass rate of consumption of fuel per unit flame area. Depending on the application, it may be more desirable to consider only the flux of pollutant to the air or the sum of the pollutant flux to both air and fuel. The latter definition is selected here, and a pollutant balance for the flame then enables the emission index to be expressed as the ratio of the mass rate of production of pollutant per unit area to the mass rate of consumption of fuel per unit area. In terms of the mass rate of production of species i per unit volume cDj, the mixture fraction, and the magnitude of its gradient VZ, the mass rate of production of species i per unit area is... 

Primary CLL cells purified from peripheral blood of volunteer patients (see Note 3) CLL cells are purified by Ficoll gradient centrifugation, by negative selection, or by a combination of both (see Note 4). CLL cells can be used immediately or frozen in 90% heat/inactivated FBS supplemented with 10% DMSO and stored at -80°C or in liquid nitrogen for short-and long-term storage, respectively. CLL cells are cultured in complete RPMI medium and maintained in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO at 37°C (see Note 5). 

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