Glycolysis overall result

The overall result of glycolysis can be summarized by the following equation ... 

Glycolysis, 903-904, 1143-1150 overall result of, 1150 steps in, 1143-1145 Glycoprotein, 991 biosynthesis of, 991 Glycoside, 989... 

The overall result is production of 36 moles of ATP from ADP and phosphate per mole of glucose oxidized to C02 and H20. Of these, 34 ATPs are produced according to Equation 20-10 and, as we shall see, two more come from glycolysis. 

The overall result of gluconeogenesis is summarized hy the following equation, and a comparison of the gluconeogenesis and glycolysis pathways is given in Figure 22.11. The pathways differ at the three steps indicated by red reaction arrows. 

Mono- or disaccharide carbohydrates are the substrate for the majority of industrial fermentations. Carbohydrates are reduced in a series of reactions, known as glycolysis, that result in the production of two moles of pyruvate (Figure 7.1). In glycolysis sugars are degraded to produce ATP, NADH, and pyruvate (Pyr) by the overall reaction ... 

The published values for the activation energies and pre-exponential factors of transesterification and glycolysis vary significantly. Catalysts and stabilizers influence the overall reaction rate markedly, and investigations using different additives cannot be compared directly. Most investigations are affected by mass transport and without knowledge of the respective mass transport parameters, kinetic results cannot be transferred to other systems. 

A typical chemical system is the oxidative decarboxylation of malonic acid catalyzed by cerium ions and bromine, the so-called Zhabotinsky reaction this reaction in a given domain leads to the evolution of sustained oscillations and chemical waves. Furthermore, these states have been observed in a number of enzyme systems. The simplest case is the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme peroxidase. The reaction kinetics display either steady states, bistability, or oscillations. A more complex system is the ubiquitous process of glycolysis catalyzed by a sequence of coordinated enzyme reactions. In a given domain the process readily exhibits continuous oscillations of chemical concentrations and fluxes, which can be recorded by spectroscopic and electrometric techniques. The source of the periodicity is the enzyme phosphofructokinase, which catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate by ATP, resulting in the formation of fructose-1,6 biphosphate and ADP. The overall activity of the octameric enzyme is described by an allosteric model with fructose-6-phosphate, ATP, and AMP as controlling ligands. 

Adding all the chemical equations involved, the overall net conversion of glucose to lactic acid is slightly exothermic, which indicates that not much metabolic energy results. In consequence, the anaerobic glycolysis rate must increase manyfold to... 

When Reaction 13.8 is added to the net reaction of glycolysis, an overall reaction for lactate fermentation results ... 

For this reaction, AjG = 0 because the phosphate group transfer potentials for GTP and ATP are essentially identical. Overall, we write the oxidation of glucose as a result of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle as... 

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