Glutamate receptors kainate

Glutamate receptor. agonists ( excitotoxins ) glutamate, kainate,... 

Lerma J (1999) Kainate receptors, chapter 8 Ionotropic glutamate receptors in the CNS. Springer Verlag... 

Kainate receptors are a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors that are permeable to Na+, K+ and Ca2+ ions. 

Non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors (the majority sodium channel containing) can be subdivided into a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) (comprising cloned subunits GluRl ) and kainate (GluR5-7, KAl-2) preferring receptors, with native receptors most likely to comprise either homo- or heteromeric pentamers of these subunits. 

Dingledine, R et al. (1999) The glutamate receptor ion channels. Pharmacol. Rev. 51 7-61. Frerking, M and Nicoll, RA (2000) Synaptic kainate receptors. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 10 342-351. Gegelashvili, G and Schousboe, A (1997) High affinity glutamate transporters regulation of expression and activity. Mol. Pharmacol. 52 6-15. 

Hollman, M and Heinemann, S (1994) Cloned glutamate receptors. Arm. Rev. Neurosci. 17 31-108. Lerma, J (1997) Kainate reveals its targets. Neuron 19 1155-1158. 

Armstrong, N., Sun,Y., Chen, G. Q. and Gouaux, E. Structure of a glutamate-receptor ligand-binding core in complex with kainate. Nature 395 913-917,1998. 

In vitro studies on excitotoxicity suggest that while both NMDA and a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA)/kainate (KA) receptors can mediate excitotoxicity (see Ch. 15), these classes of glutamate receptors do not do so equally. Experiments with cortical or hippocampal cell cultures suggest that much of the neuronal death associated with brief, intense glutamate exposure is mediated by NMDA receptor activation, probably because this can induce lethal amounts of Ca2+ influx more rapidly than can AMPA/KA receptor stimulation. 

Stereostructure-activity studies on agonists at the AMPA and kainate subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Chirality, 15, 167-179. 

Ionotropic glutamate receptors mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission in practically all areas of the central nervous system (CNS). They are also critical for both the induction and expression of synaptic plasticity, and have been implicated in diverse pathological conditions, such as epilepsy, ischemic brain damage, anxiety, and addiction. There are three subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors that are named after their high-affinity agonists as a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA), N-1nethyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), and kainate (KA) receptors (1). 

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