Glial Inflammation and Innate Immunity

IFN-y is produced by Thl type T cells and natural killer cells (Young and Hardy, 1995), as well as macrophages (Fultz etal., 1993), astrocytes, and microglia (DeSimone etal., 1998). IFN-y affects Ap production, Ap degradation (Yamamoto et al., 2007b), and neurotoxicity (Meda et al., 1999). IFN-y, in conjunction with TNF-a, has been shown to enhance APP 

a pleio tropic proinflammatory cytokine, has been extensively investigated in AD. TNF-a is predominantly expressed by activated microglia, and to a lesser extent, astrocytes and neurons (Meda et al., 1995 Botchkina et al., 1997 Bezzi et al., 2001 Williams et al., 2005). In AD, TNF-a is upregulated in cerebrospinal fluid (Tarkowski et al., 1999), serum (Filht et al.. 

---