Glaciers meltwater

Brown G. H. (2002) Glacier meltwater hydrochemistry. Appl. Geochem. 17, 855-883. 

Figure 5 A scatterplot of the ratio of Ca the ratio of HCO S04 for glacial meltwaters sampled at Scott Tumerbreen (Hodgkins etal., 1997) (reproduced by permission of John Wiley Sons from Hydrol. Process. 1997, If 1813-1832), Haut Glacier d Arolla (Brown et al, 1993a), and Manitsoq Glacier (Skidmore et al., in preparation), in comparison to those of principal world rivers (E. K. Berner and R. A. Berner, 1996). Glacial meltwaters typically have high Ca Si ratios and low HCO SO ratios than river waters.

Brown G. H., Tranter M., Sharp M. J., and GumeU A. M. (1993a) The impact of post-mixing chemical reactions on the major ion chemistry of bulk meltwaters draining the Haut Glacier d Arolla, Valais, Switzerland. Hydrol. Process. 8,465-480. 

Collins D. N. (1979) Hydrochemistry of meltwaters draining from an alpine glacier. Arctic Alpine Res. 11, 307 - 324. 

Hasnain S. 1. and Thayyan R. J. (1999) Sediment transport and solute variation in meltwaters of Dokriani Glacier (Bamak), Garwhal Himalaya. J. Geol. Soc. India 47, 731-739. 

Hasnain S. 1., Subramanian V., and Dhanpal K. (1989) Chemical characteristics and suspended sediment load of meltwaters from a Himalayan glacier in India. J. Hydrol. 106, 99-108. 

Wadham J. L., Tranter M., and Dowdeswell J. A. (2000) The hydrochemistry of meltwaters draining a polythermal-based, high Arctic glacier, Svalbard II. Winter and early Spring. Hydrol. Process. 14, 1767-1786. 

The world s freshwater resources are also not uniformly distributed over the land surface, even in the form of lakes and water courses. This occurs partly from the uneven distribution of glaciers and their meltwaters, and partly from the wide disparities in rainfall over the Earth s surface. Total rainfalls of above 11m are experienced in some years in the Mt. Waialeale area of Hawaii and at Cherrapunji, India, while less than 0.2 cm falls in the same period in Arica, Chile, or at Wadi Haifa in the Sudan [1]. This uneven... 

Similar but less intense processes have been observed at Schwarzsee (2796 m, Austria), where electrical conductivity rose by a factor of three during the past two decades (Figure 7.4.1) and nickel concentrations were just above the detection limit. This is attributed to the lower impact of glacial meltwater compared to Rasass See, where the area of active rock glaciers is larger and situated at a lower elevation. 

---