Glaciations Quaternary

Quaternary 3 Myr Repeated glaciations. North and South America join mass extinctions of large mammals, evolution of Homo rise of civilizations, humans begin to modify biogeochemical cycles... 

Klassen, R.A. 2001. A Quaternary geological perspective on geochemical exploration in glaciated terrains. In McClenaghan, M.B., Bobrowsky, P.T., Hall, G.E.M. Cook, S.J. (eds). Drift Exploration in Glaciated Terrain, Geological Society, Special Publication, 185,1-17. 

Further support for the weathering hypothesis for Late Ordovician glaciation comes from the strontium isotope record. A multimillion-year decline in the marine record of Sr/ Sr in limestones is reversed in the early Late Ordovician (Veizer et al., 1999), a likely consequence of collisional tectonics that initiated at this time and continued (as did the rise in Sr/ Sr) through the Silurian (Richter et al, 1992). The increase (from 0.7078 to 0.7088) rivals the Cenozoic rise, which has been attributed to the Himalayan uplift and associated with the progressive cooling leading to Quaternary glaciation (Raymo et al, 1988). 

Meierding, T.C. and Birkeland, P.W., 1980, Quaternary glaciation of Colorado, in Colorado Geology, H.C. Kent and K.W. Porter, eds.. Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, Denver, Colorado, pp. 165-174. 

Richmond, G.M., 1965, Glaciation of the Rocky Mountains, in The Quaternary of the United States, Princeton University Press, Princeton, Massachusetts, pp. 217-230. 

Porter, S.C., Pierce, K.L., and Hamilton, T.D., 1983, Late Wisconsin mountain glaciation in the western United States, in Late Quaternary environments of the United States, v. 1, The Late Pleistocene, Porter, S.C., ed.. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp. 71-114. 

Schaller M, von Blanckenbuig F, Hovius N, Kubik PW (2001) Large-scale erosion rates from in situ-produced cosmogenic nuchdes in Emopean river sediments. Earth Planet Sci Lett 188 441-458 Shanahan TM, Zreda M (2000) Chronology of (Quaternary glaciations in East Africa. Earth Planet Sci Lett 177 23-42... 

Ehlers, J., Mayer, K.D. and Stephan, H.J. 1984. Pre-Weichselian glaciation of North-West Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews, 3, 1-40. 

Ito, E., Z. Yu, D. R. Engstrom S. C. Fritz, 1998. Is paleoclimatic interpretation of oxygen-isotope records from glaciated Great Plains possible American Quaternary Association Program Abstracts of the 15th Biennial Meeting 119. 

Bull C, McKelvey BC, Webb PN (1962) Quaternary glaciations in southern Victoria Land Antarctica. J Glaciol 4 63-78 Calkin PE, Nichols RL (1971) Quaternary studies in Antarctica. In Adie RJ (ed) Antarctic geology and geophysics. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, Norway, pp 625-644 Calvin M (1968) Chemical evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford... 

At the beginning of the Quaternary era this difference was sufficiently important to allow for the formation and maintenance of continental ice. A series of intermittent glaciations took place in, the northern hemisphere, sometimes pushing the glaciers as far as the middle latitudes. These climatic episodes present an average periodicity of about 100 000 years, though with considerable random-looking variation (Fig. 20.7). 

The global glaciations, such as the Late Palaeozoic (Gondwanian), and the Cenozoic (Tertiary and Quaternary in Antarctica Quaternary in the Northern Hemi-... 

Lindner, L., Marks, L. Pekala, K., 1983. Quaternary glaciations of South... 

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