Ginsenoside variation

Ginsenoside Variation Within and Between Ontario Ginseng Landraces Relating Phytochemistry to Biological Activity... 

This is the first attempt to examine family-held ginseng landraces that have been in cultivation for several decades. Clearly, there is evidence of variation between these landraces. Although HPLC-DAD analysis clearly quantified ginsenoside levels and showed variability, it did not present unique characteristics that would rapidly identify each landrace. Currenfiy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) methods are... 

Active constituents found in most ginseng species include ginsenosides, polysaccharides, peptides, polyacetylenic alcohols, and fatty acids. There is a wide variation (2 to 20%) in the ginsenoside content of different species of ginseng. Moreover, pharmacological differences within a single species cultivated in two different locations have been reported. For example, the potency... 

Ginsenosides markedly prolong the time of survival in normobaric hypoxia stress mice, and regenerate locomotory activity in mice. They possess anti-stress activities and show effects on neurotransmitters. The observed anti-heat stress effects of ginsenosides may be mediated by brain monoamines and the hypothalamus (HPA) system. Ginsenosides selectively modulate the circadian variations of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxy-indole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), nor-epinedrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) levels, but as a function of the time of the light-dark cycle [79, 80]. 

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