Gibbs energy of attraction

Attractive Potential Energy See Gibbs Energy of Attraction. 

The mutual solubility of two liquids A and B depends, in general, on how much the molecules of each liquid tend to attract those of its own kind, relative to their tendency to attract those of the other. This tendency is measured by the excess Gibbs energy of mixing of the two liquids (see section 2.4), Am gL, which is related to the partial vapor pressures p/ and of the two liquids A and B in the mixture. If the composition of the system is given by and Wb moles of the respective components in a given phase, their mole fractions in this phase are... 

Potential Energy of Attraction—Interaction—Repulsion See Gibbs Energy of... 

Attraction, Gibbs Energy of Interaction, Gibbs Energy of Repulsion. 

Close proximity between atoms leads to synchronization of their orbiting electrons. This causes the induction of dipoles that attract each other (London-van der Waals interaction). At closer approach, the electron clouds overlap, giving rise to repulsion (Born repulsion). The variation of the Gibbs energy of dispersion interactions Gji p between two atoms with their separation distance r is given by... 

FIGURE 20.7 Gibbs energy of adhesion of a particle at a brush-coated, charged substratum surface as a function of separation distance (—), made up of four types of contributions (1) short-range particle-substratum attraction (2) dispersive attraction (3) electrostatic repulsion due to overlap of Uke-charged electrical double layers and (4) osmotic repulsion due to compression of the polymer brush. 

Let / = IR2 - Ril be the scalar distance between the two solute particles. For any two selected distances R and R we can write the Gibbs energy of the system G R) and G(R), respectively. If G R) - G(R) < 0, we can say that there is a thermodynamic force leading from R to R. This does not mean that the actual force between the two solute particles at R is attractive. In Fig. 8.23 we indicate by vertical lines two points R and R for which we have... 

Hamaker constant — The interaction of macrobodies (i.e., here bodies consisting of an ensemble of molecules) resulting from -> van der Waals forces can be characterized by the Hamaker constants Hu for bodies 1 and 2, and by Hus for bodies 1 and 3 with the medium 2 in-between. The Hamaker constants have the dimension of -> energy. They are responsible for the attractive interaction between colloidal particles, for -> adhesion of particles to surfaces, etc. The Hamaker constants are material constants that occur in the equation for the Gibbs energy of interaction, here for the case of particle 1 and 2 AGn = -n pipsHu dVi / Jp- (pi... 

The change of Gibbs energy during adhesion between two phases is the macroscopic outcome of interactions between the microscopic constituents of the different phases. According to the empirical Berthelot principle [21], the London energy of attraction between two dissimilar macrobodies is a geometric mean of the mutual interactions between similar objects, so that... 

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