Sulfur—germanium bonds reactions with

The chemical reactions of nitrogen and phosphorus are similar because they share the same number of electrons in their outer shell (five). The reactivity of oxygen resembles the reactivity of sulfur because of their shared outer-shell occupancy (six). This outer-shell occupancy of an atom is called its valence. Carbon has a valence of four (with four electrons in its outer shell), and its chemistry shares some similarities with silicon, which also has a valence of four. Silicon, germanium, tin, and lead, which have the same valence, have all been used in various proportions to form semiconductors, interesting and important materials that we will investigate later when we discuss chemical bonding. 

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