Genetic resistance host response

It is clear that the type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-9 and IL-13 play an obligatory role in host resistance to nematode infection whereas type 1 responses promote host susceptibility. Therefore, given that susceptibility to nematode infection is not due to a lack of responsiveness perse, but rather the development of an inappropriate response, it is important to understand the factors that influence the induction and expansion of Th subset responses and so control infection outcome. Studies in nematode models and other systems have addressed these questions and identified the importance of host genetic factors, the nature of the antigen and the antigen presenting cell, co-stimulatory molecules on these cells, and the cytokine and chemokine environment immediately following induction of the response. 

Plasmid Profiling Plasmids are accessory genetic elements representing an important part of the staphylococcal genome. The majority of S. aureus plasmids are responsible for the antibiotic resistance of the host strains (e.g. penicillinase, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin plasmids). For the molecular typing... 

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