Gene manipulation genetic algorithm

Cha, Y.-J., Raich, A. M., Barroso, L. R. (2009). Near-optimal structural control architectures of active devices and sensors using gene manipulation genetic algorithms. 8 World Congress on Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, Lisbon, Portugal, June 1-5. 

The vector that the genetic algorithm manipulates is known conventionally as a chromosome or a string we shall use the latter terminology in this chapter. The individual units from which each string is constructed, a single x-, y-, or z-coordinate for an atom in this example, are referred to as genes. 

---