Gasoline surrogate

Ferrandon M, Krause T (2006) Role of the oxide support on the performance of Rh catalysts for the autothermal reforming of gasoline and gasoline surrogates to hydrogen. Appl Catal A 311 135-145... 

Chen et al. prepared a catalyst for pre-reforming of gasoline [236]. It was composed of 50 wt.% nickel oxide, 18 wt.% lanthana and the balance alumina. The catalyst was tested at a weight hourly space velocity of between 40 and 168 L (hgcai) at 5-bar pressure and 480 °C reaction temperature. The gasoline surrogate was composed of 74 wt.% isooctane, 20 wt.% xylene, 5 wt.% cyclo-hexane and 1 wt.% 1-octene (average... 

Liang, L., Stevens, J.G., Raman, S., Farrell, J.T. The use of dynamic adaptive chemistry in combustion simulation of gasoline surrogate fuels. Combust. Flame 156, 1493-1502 (2009b) Liao, J.C., Lightfoot, E.N. Lumping analysis of biochemical reaction systems with time scale separation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 31, 869-879 (1988)... 

Table 2 shows the thermodynamics of the three major carbon-forming reactions (6)-(8), at 600°C, 1 atm, using n-Cig and i-Cg as surrogates of diesel and gasoline, respectively. 

However, since these transportation fuels are complex mixtures containing a wide range of hydrocarbons, aromatics, and olefins, simple hydrocarbons such as isooctane (C8 hydrocarbon), dodecane (C,2 hydrocarbon), and hexadecane (C16 hydrocarbon) have been used as representative surrogate fuels for gasoline, jet fuel, and diesel, respectively, in order to better understand the chemistry involved and... 

The detection of low level concentrations of volatile petroleum hydrocarbons in either soil or water can be performed by static headspace analysis. In this technique, the gas phase in thermodynamic equilibrium with the matrix is analysed. The soil is placed in a headspace vial to which water and soluble salts such as sodium chloride are added to aid the transfer of hydrocarbons into the headspace. Internal standards and surrogate spikes can also be introduced. The vial is heated and an aliquot of the static headspace vapour is directly injected onto the column of the gas chromatograph. The advantages of this technique for volatiles such as gasoline range organics are less sample handling which minimises losses, no introduction of solvents which can interfere with the compounds of interest (MTBE), and the technique can be easily automated. 

Battin-Leclerc, F. Detailed chemical kinetic models for the low-temperature combustion of hydrocarbons with application to gasoline and diesel fuel surrogates. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 34, 440-498 (2008)... 

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