Gamma rays irradiation displaced atoms

Gamma-irradiation has been used to investigate effects on chemical durability of waste glasses (Lutze 1988) and to assess the effect on corrosion and defect formation in waste ceramics (Vlasov et al. 1987 Kulikov et al. 2001). Irradiation with Y-rays does not produce atomic displacements, but rather causes excitations and point defects and leads to formation of ion radicals. Therefore, this method may serve as a simulation for p-Y-radiation of FPs in the waste forms. 

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