Gadolinium magnetic susceptibility

Gadolinium and dysprosium, both elements of the lanthanide family, differ in the electronic occupancy of their f-shells. As a result, they are very similar chemically but very different magnetically. The relaxivity 1/Tx of Dy-DTPA is as low as 0.1 1/mol s However, dysprosium has a pronounced ability to influence transiently the residual magnetic susceptibility of tissues as it passes through. This effect of Dy-DTPA seems to be ideal for cerebral perfusion imaging and may be useful for the quantitation of partial occlusions and reperfusion. 

Figure 9.17 Plot of the in-phase and out-of-phase AC magnetic susceptibility for the complex [SmFe] at driving frequency of 199 Hz and 355 Hz [98]. (Reprinted with permission from B. Yan, and Z. Chen, Cyano-bridged aqua(A, Al-dimethylacetamide)(cyanoiron)lanthanides from samarium, gadolinium, or holmium nitrate and potassium hexacyanoferrate crystal structures and magnetochemistry, Helvetica Chimica Acta, 2001, 84, 817-829 (Figure 7). Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA.)...

Gadolinium shortens the T1 and so increases signal intensity on T1 weighted images. At higher concentrations, it can cause T2 shortening and magnetic susceptibility artefacts (Elster 1997). 

The low temperature magnetic susceptibility of monoclinic, cubic, stoichiometric and substoichiometric gadolinium oxides have been measured in the range 1-6 K by Miller et al. (1971). Transformation temperatures and correlations with specific heat peaks in Gd metal containing appreciable amounts of oxygen are made. 

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