Contrast agents gadolinium

Keywords. Gadolinium, Contrast agents, Dissociation kinetics, Kinetic stability, Stability constants... 

Laurent, S., Elst, L.V., and Muller, R.N. (2006) Comparative study of the physicochemical properties of six clinical low molecular weight gadolinium contrast agents. Contrast Media and Molecular Imaging, 1, 128-137. 

Okada S, Katagiri K, KumazakiT,Yokoyama H Safety of gadolinium contrast agent in hemodialysis patients. Acfo/ oc//o/42 339-341,2001. 

Use of gadolinium contrast agents is therefore contraindicated in patients with renal impairment. 

SPIO-enhanced MRI is particularly helpful for the evaluation of the tumor burden of the liver in case of the diffuse growth pattern of HCC. In doubtful cases an MR examination with both SPIO and gadolinium contrast agents (so-called double-contrast technique) can be useful [7, 28, 56], although this practice falls in the category of off-label use. 

Recent applications of high-frequency EPR to the study of gadolinium contrast agents focused on four areas the field-dependent electronic relaxation behavior of... 

Smirnova TI, Smirnov AI, Belford RL, Clarkson RB. 1997. Interaction of MRI gadolinium contrast agents with phospholipid bilayers as studied by 95 GHz EPR. Acta Chem Scand51 562-566. 

Bladder tissue engineering is another field that has used MRI methods to study the development of viable tissues grown on collagen scaffolds or previously acellularized matrices. Early studies used MRI with gadolinium contrast agents to observe the effect of vascular endothehal growth factor on the vascularization of bladder constructs (Cheng et al. 2005). Later, these MRI-observable effects were... 

Y. -y. Liu and T.-y. Fan, Progress in Research of Nanomedicine-Based Gadolinium Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Zhongguo Xinyao Zazhi, 2013, 22, 787. 

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