Functionalities of Non-Bonding Electrons Size Emergence

The coupling of the entrapment and the polarization of the nonbonding lone electrons by the densely entrapped core and bonding electrons derives emerging properties that the bulk counterpart does not show. 

Polarization happens at sites with even lower atomic CN, which gives rise to the non-zero spin (carrier of topologic insulator), conductor-insulator transition, surface plasmonic enhancement, and the superhydrophobicity, superfluidity, superlubricity, and supersolidity. 

The dominance of entrapment derives the acceptor type catalysis and the dominance of polarization results in donor-type catalyst of metals at the nanoscale. These emerging attributes become more significant when the atomic CN is even lower. UV irradiation, hydrogenation or contamination may annihilate these features. 

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