Frozen environment

Have you ever wondered what happens to the animals in frozen rivers and lakes during the winter Long ago, scientists used to think marine animals were able to freeze in winter and thaw in summer, but today we know this is not the case. Many fish and turtles, for example, have developed ways to avoid freezing while storing themselves over the winter in near-frozen environments. 

Micozzi, M. S. (1997). Frozen environments and soft tissue preservation, in Forensic Taphonomy The Postmortem Fate of Human Remains (W. D. Haglund and M. H. Sorg, Eds.). Boca Raton, FL CRC Press, 171-180. 

Early applications of pseudopotentials in cluster models [62,63], which dealt with impurities in alkali halide crystals, used Hartree-Fock (HF) based model potentials [64] and complete-cation norm-conserving pseudopotentials [65]. A similar technique was found valuable to describe bulk properties of alkaline-earth oxides [66-68]. A general procedure for calculating embedded clusters under the assumption of a frozen environment and orthogonality requirements for the wave function of the cluster and the environment was also discussed... 

Id) a retention reaction of RX with an intermediate, such as ZMgMgZ. (Z. = R or X) (pathway Xd. Sections 7.1.7 and 7.7.8) let a viscous or frozen environment adjacent to Mg/, which could slow the rotational relaxation of R (Section 7.3.10) or (f) adsorption of R- slowing its rotational relaxation. 

The alignments due to the pairwise potential are computed using the first iteration of the frozen environment approximation (FEA) [22]. That is, when... 

Statistical filters based on local and global Z scores were outlined. We observe that, while using very conservative Z scores that essentially exclude false positives, the new protocol recognizes correctly (without any information about sequences) most of the family members with the RMS distance between the superimposed side chain centers of up to 4 A. We also observe many instances of successful recognition of family members that cannot be confidently recognized by pair energies with the so-called frozen environment approximation. 

Ruiz-Pemia JJ, Tunon I, Moliner V, Hynes JT, Roca M (2008) Dynamic effects on reaction rates in a Michael addition catalyzed by chalcone isomerase. Beyond the frozen environment approach. J Am Chem Soc 130(23) 7477-7488... 

A very important effect which has been observed in all simulations is the characteristic short time behavior of the center-of-mass displacement g3 t). All methods, including the MD, the bond fluctuation MC, and the hybrid method, give for short times a power law instead of the expected Rouse result of i. The origin of this clear deviation from Rouse is not understood. It should be noted that this is certainly a many-chain effect, since earlier investigations on free chains or chains in a frozen environment do not show this deviation. 

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