Frictional energy

A considerable number of experimental extensions have been developed in recent years. Luckliam et al [5] and Dan [ ] review examples of dynamic measurements in the SFA. Studying the visco-elastic response of surfactant films [ ] or adsorbed polymers [7, 9] promises to yield new insights into molecular mechanisms of frictional energy loss in boundary-lubricated systems [28, 70]. 

The Kyoto negotiations show the tremendous friction energy issues can cause between the richest and poorest countries in the world. Addressing future energy-related conflicts— whether it be wars over oil fields or disputes over carbon emission quotas— will remain a major role of the UN. 

If the definitions of /PM and ARcRM are inserted into the Ergun equation, the resulting expression for the frictional energy loss (dissipation) per unit mass of fluid in the medium is... 

Fig. n.18 Critical friction energy of mixtures of AP + liquid organoiron and AP + boron catalysts is decreased with increasing mass fraction of these catalysts. 

When the catalysts are in the form of crystalline solid particles, the characteristics of Efc are different compared to when liquid organoiron catalysts are used. As shown in Fig. 11.18, the critical friction energy is independent of the mass fraction of the catalysts SrCOj and FcjOj. Though Fe203 reduces the Ef similarly to the... 

Fig. n.19 Critical friction energy is decreased when the critical ignition temperature is lowered for both or-ganoiron and boron catalysts. 

Fig. 11.21 shows the results of TG and DTA measurements on mixtures of AP particles and catalysts. The endothermic peak observed at 513 K is caused by the crystal structure transformation of AP from orthorhombic to cubic. A two-stage exothermic decomposition occurs in the range 573-720 K. The decomposition of the AP is seen to be drastically accelerated by the addition of catocene. The exothermic peak accompanied by mass loss occurs before the AP crystal transformation. Although the AP is sensitized by the addition of carborane, no effect is seen on the AP decomposition. The results indicate that carborane acts as a fuel component in the gas phase but does not catalyze the decomposition of AP. Thus, the critical friction energy is lowered due to the increased reaction rate in the gas phase. The results imply that the initiation of ignition by friction is caused by the ignition of the gaseous products of the AP pyrolants.PI... 

Assuming the dissipation (friction) energy is equal to the rotor drive energy ff the coefficient heat transferred directly from the heating wall into the film. For low-viscosity products, some correlations for this coefficient in agitated film equipment are known (14). 

Plastic energy dissipation and frictional energy dissipation, in that order of importance, where compacted polymer particulates are relentlessly deformed by twin rotor devices, which rapidly raise their temperature and create regions of melts. 

---