Freeze-drying cycle industrial process

Once formulation and container details have been decided, the entire process cycle can essentially be controlled by only three parameters -temperature, pressure and time. It is important to remember also that freeze-drying in practice is always a compromise between competing demands and often leads to variable or unpredictable results. The standard industry view used to be, and still is in some quarters, that acceptable freeze-drying conditions can only be determined by trial and... 

---