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France French Revolution

The black product was extracted with water and the sodium carbonate in it was recovered by concentration and crystallization. The residue, chiefly calcium sulfide, known as galigu, was dumped on land and created an environmental nuisance for many years because it never hardened. The process was invented by N. Leblanc in France in 1789, in response to a competition organized by the French Academy of Sciences. Operation of the first factory was delayed for several years because of the French Revolution. The process was operated widely until it was progressively superseded by the Ammonia-soda process in 1872. But it was still in use in Bolton, UK, until 1938, and the last plant in Europe closed in 1992. See also Black ash. [Pg.162]

At the end of the 18th century, a disciple of Lavoisier flees France in the aftermath of the French Revolution to start his own gunpowder factory in the state of Delaware Eleuthere 1 du Pont s factory develops into one of the largest chemical companies in the world. [Pg.341]

Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac was one of the great scientists of the industrial age. Born on December 6, 1778, in St. Leonard in central France, he was the eldest of five children. His father was a public prosecutor and judge advocate, and the political unrest surrounding the French Revolution played an early role in young Joseph s development. When his father was arrested in 1794 (he was later released) as a member of the bourgeois establishment, Gay-Lussac was sent to a boarding school in Paris. [Pg.149]

But if the provinces suffered, chemistry in Paris became extremely healthy. Chemists in Paris became leading figures in national life. Gay-Lussac was a professor at the Ecole Polytechnique, founded in the aftermath of the French Revolution. He was also a peer of France, a director of the mint, as well as an active politician. Other chemists became government ministers, members of the Legion of Honor, directors of industrial enterprises, and even friends and advisers to Napoleon. In the middle of the nineteenth century, the most influ-... [Pg.126]

On the eve of the French Revolution, June 19, 1791, King Louis XVI of France gave his approval of the system. The next day, Louis tried to escape France but was arrested and jailed. A year later from his jail cell, Louis directed two engineers to make the measurements necessary to implement the metric system. Because of the French Revolution, it took six years to complete the required measurements. Finally, in June 1799 the Commission sur l unite de poids du Systeme Metrique decimal met and adopted the metric system. It was based on the gram as the unit of weight and the meter as the unit of length. All other measurements were to be derived from these units. The metric system was adopted For all people, for all time. ... [Pg.67]

The metric system, originally adopted in France after the French Revolution in 1789, has still not caught up in the United States. [Pg.69]

For modified uses/critique of Habermas s notion of public sphere for the French Enlightenment, see Benjamin Nathans, Habermas s Public Sphere in the Era of the French Revolution, French Historical Studies 16,1990, 620-644 Daniel A. Bell, The Public Sphere, the State, and the World of Law in Eighteenth-Century France, French Historical Studies 17,1992, 912-934 Dena Goodman, The Republic of Letters (Cornell University Press, 1994) Keith Michael Baker, Defining the Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century France Variations on a Theme by Habermas, in Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. C. Calhoun (MIT Press, 1994). [Pg.465]

Daniel Gordon, Public Opinion and the Civilizing Process in France The Example of Morellet, Eighteenth-Century Studies 22, 1989, 302-328 idem, Beyond the Social History of Ideas Morellet and the Enlightenment, in Andre Morellet (1727-1819) in the Republic of Letters and the French Revolution, ed. J. Merrick and D. Medlin (Lang, 1995). [Pg.491]

The Metric System originated in France during the French Revolution, and its use has since been required or legalized in most civilized countries. The fundamental unit cf the system is the meter, which is approximately equal to the ten-millionth part of the distance from the equator to the north pole. This distance was ascertained by actual measurement of an arc of a meridian passing through Barcelona in Spain and Dunkirk in France. The legal equivalent of the meter in the United States is 39.37 inches. [Pg.344]

The French revolution began just as conservatively as the English, indeed much more so. Absolutism, particularly as it manifested itself finally in France, was here, too, an innovation, and It was against this innovation that the parliaments rose and defended the old laws, the us et coutumes of the old monarchy based on estates. ... [Pg.429]

No such uniformity of weights and measures existed on the European continent. Weights and measures differed not only from country to country but even from town to town and from one trade to another. This lack of uniformity led the National Assembly of France during the French Revolution to enact a decree (May 8, 1790) that called upon the French Academy of Sciences to act in concert with the Royal Society of London to deduce an invariable standard for all of the measures and all weights. Having already an adequate system of weights and measures, the English... [Pg.7]

The metric system was originally developed in France just before the French Revolution in 1789. The modern version of this system is the Systeme International, or S.I. system. Although the S.I. system has been in existence for over forty years, it has yet to gain widespread acceptance. To make the S.I. system truly systematic, it utilizes certain imits, especially those for pressure, that many people find difficult to use. [Pg.16]

Michel-Eugene ChevreuI was a chemist whose career spanned the greater part of the nineteenth century. He was born in Angers, France, on August 31, 1786, and died in Paris on April 9, 1889. Chevreul s fether was a well-known physician. Raised in the midst of the terror of the French Revolution, ChevreuI witnessed much violence and suffering. As a result, he maintained a lifelong aversion to politics and at an early age decided to devote his life to chemistry. [Pg.245]

In 1774 Priestley was in Paris and met Lavoisier, already at the age of 31 the foremost chemist in France. Unfortunately his brilliant career was doomed to end with his execution in 1794, a victim to the blood-lust of the French Revolution. Of him Legrange said It required but a moment to strike off his head and probably 100 years will not suffice to reproduce such another. ... [Pg.24]

Bom in France, Jean-Baptiste Biot (1774-1862) was imprisoned for taking part in a street riot during the French Revolution. He became a professor of mathematics at the University of Beauvais and later a professor of physics at the College de France. He was awarded the Legion of Honor by Louis XVIII. (Also see p. 212.)... [Pg.194]

Salt has frequently been subject to heavy taxation the very high tax on salt in France during the middle eighteenth century contributed to the rise of the French revolution. [Pg.738]


See other pages where France French Revolution is mentioned: [Pg.69]    [Pg.7]    [Pg.235]    [Pg.160]    [Pg.126]    [Pg.129]    [Pg.192]    [Pg.28]    [Pg.32]    [Pg.253]    [Pg.2]    [Pg.10]    [Pg.919]    [Pg.24]    [Pg.245]    [Pg.121]    [Pg.126]    [Pg.60]    [Pg.64]    [Pg.491]    [Pg.429]    [Pg.166]    [Pg.207]    [Pg.1149]    [Pg.2]    [Pg.212]    [Pg.75]    [Pg.171]    [Pg.142]    [Pg.114]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.14 ]




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