Fragment Striking Velocity

Tobin (1998) proposed the following equation for projectiles that maintain their mass during perforatioa Any fragment with a strike velocity, F, above the limit velocity, F (i.e. or Vg), will perforate the armour with a residual velocity, F ... 

Projectiles (Missiles, fragments, debris) Impact loading—forces on a structure resulting from objects moving at significant velocity and striking the structure J... 

Droplet Formation in Water Atomization. In water atomization of melts, liquid metal stream may be shattered by impact of water droplets, rather than by shear mechanism. When water droplets at high velocities strike the liquid metal stream, some liquid metal fragments are knocked out by the exploding steam packets originated from the water droplets and subsequently contract into spheroidal droplets under the effect of surface tension if spheroidization time is less than solidification time. It is assumed that each water droplet may be able to knock out one or more metal droplet. However, the actual number of metal droplets produced by each water droplet may vary, depending on operation conditions, material properties, and atomizer designs. 

---