Fractures earth crust structure

Nikolaevskiy, VN. and lA Garagash, Earth crust structure as result of rock fracturing at high pt - conditions, this volume, 2004. 

EARTH CRUST STRUCTURE AS A RESULT OF ROCK FRACTURING AT HIGH PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS... 

Fractures, fissures, and joints are openings in sedimentary rocks formed by the structural (mechanical) failure of the rock under loacls caused by earth crust tectonics. This form of porosity is extremely hard to evaluate quantitatively due to its irregularity. 

Another type of structural trap is the fault trap. A fault is a fracture in the earth s crust along which movement has occurred such that a porous rock layer is offset by a nonporous layer. The oil moving along a porous stratum is dammed or blocked by an impermeable shale or limestone. See Fig. 3, Examples of fields of this type occur along the Mexia fault zone of East-Central Texas. 

The entire history of the Azov-Black Sea basin is closely related to the geological structure of the region, which is located within the Alpian geosynclinal belt. Here, starting from the Oligocene-Miocene, orogenic processes proceed actively, accompanied by fractures of the earth s crust, block displacements,... 

Quartz is the most common mineral in the Earth s crust. It occurs in a wide variety of forms, colors, and lusters, but other properties are generally consistent for all specimens. All quartz has the same basic chemical formula, silicon dioxide (SiC ). It has a hardness of 7, and a distinctive conchoidal fracture. The color and translucency of quartz can be affected by a disruption of the molecular structure, as in smoky quartz, or by the inclusions of tiny amounts of other elements or minerals. In some classifications, quartz is listed with the oxides, but it is most often placed with the silicates. 

Stresses, due to tectonic activity, within the Earth s crust create subject rocks to bend, twist or fracture and consequently deform giving rise to rock bodies undergoing transformation in position, alignment, orientation and form. A working knowledge of subsurface rock structures is essential for engineering practice. 

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