Fractional charge transfer

By fitting the conductivity data to the above equations, one usually finds a theoretical limit of 0.29. At this volume fraction, charge transfer laetween w/o globular micelles submitted to attractive interactions take place. Moreover, as we will see later, such systems contain easily deformable and flexible interfaces. 

Mixed valence, or fractional charge transfer p, should be achieved. Inhomogeneous charge and spin distribution is preferable. A Peierls distortion should be avoided, by hydrostatic pressure, if necessary, or by good interchain interactions. Disorder should be avoided. 

Virtual fractional charge transferred diffusion layer thickness Stagnant layer thickness... 

Virtual fractional charge transferred in the initial (or final) system Average square displacement of a particle during a specified time period Optical dielectric constant Static dielectric constant... 

A problem in interpreting the effect of different counterions on the mechanical properties of ionic polymers is the difficulty in evaluating how cation-anion interactions are changing from counterion to counterion. For example, metal counterions differ in ionicity as well as in size and valence, and they can have a partially covalent character. In contrast, quaternary phosphonium ions have a number of desirable characteristics that make them particularly attractive as model systems for the study of counterion effects. They have an essentially full positive charge on the heteroatom so partially covalent interactions, fractional charge transfer between the counterion and anion, and hydrogen bonding do not come into play. Furthermore, with quaternary ions there is no possibility of the tautomerism that can occur with nonquatemary ammonium or phosphonium counterions. 

Criterion Eight Fractional charge transfer (0 < Z < 1). or mixed-valence. 

Table 4. Fractional charge transfer Z for TCNQ salts no correlation with Ip [93,94].

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