Fractal coated electrode

Fig. 1.14 Fractal coated electrode. Above The electrode surface is covered with hemispheres, thus increasing its surface area. These hemispheres are again coated and the process repeated many times. The eventual surface area is thousands times larger than the original surface. Below A scanning electron microscope picture of the fractal microporous surface. (Permission for use Biotronik.)...

In addition to the application of roughened Ag electrodes in SERS measurements, one should add that Geddes et al. [15] have described the use of such Ag electrodes in metal-enhanced fluorescence studies also. The constant current flowing between two silver electrodes in pure water facilitated the growth of fractal-like structures on the cathode. The electrode was coated with a monolayer of human serum albumin protein labeled with Indocyanine Green. It was observed that the fluorescence intensity on the roughened electrode increased approximately the 50-fold, compared to the unroughened electrode. 

Fractal TiN, with a high electrochemical surface area, is applied extensively as coating for cardiac pacing electrodes, mainly because the electrode polarization during a pacing pulse is minimal [1]. However, under the high rate, high current... 

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