Fountain formation

Flow in the Pennsylvanian Fountain formation, a sandstone aquifer that underlies the Lyons and is separated from it by an aquitard complex, was more restricted because the formation grades into less permeable dolomites and evaporites in the deep basin. Groundwater in the Fountain recharged along the Front Range and... 

Sorokin, V.I., The effect of fountain formation at the surface of a vertically oscillating liquid, Soviet Phys. Acoust., 3, 281-291, 1957. 

In the resulting reaction (Fig. 25.3), calcite progressively dissolves as the Fountain brine mixes into the Lyons formation. The Ca++ and HCO3 added to solution drive precipitation of anhydrite and dolomite by a common ion effect. The overall reaction,... 

Fig. 25.3. Mineralogical consequences of mixing Fountain brine into the Lyons formation. Vertical axis shows changes in mineral volume, expressed per kg of Lyons groundwater positive changes indicate precipitation and negative, dissolution.

Hubert, J. F., 1960, Petrology of the Fountain and Lyons formations, Front Range, Colorado. Colorado School of Mines Quarterly 55. 

Titanium is therefore an important ingredient in fountain compositions. It is characterised as a non-volatile metal with non-volatile oxides. The particles are easily ignited, even in the form of large flitters , and once ignited they grow progressively brighter and finally explode in a spectacular star formation. 

The fountain appears to primarily contain positrons, rather than more massive antimatter particles or atoms. Positrons can be created by heated gas spiraling into a black hole, or by the explosions of supernovas and white dwarf stars, leading astronomers to speculate that the fountain is caused by massive star formation near the black hole at the Milky Way s center, or the explosion of young massive stars. 

When we foster ink/water contact with additives like isopropanol, we overcome chemical barriers to water-in-ink mixing. The mixing process may become as rapid as the printing process it becomes less dependent on details of ink and fountain solution chemistry, press settings and printing format. The process is easier to operate. We have introduced a measure of chemical automation. 

Improved control of and/or improved latitude in ink/water balance at the printing plate by this mechanism is accomplished best with isopropanol because of its bulk-reinforced surface activity. Limited-solubility additives, such as 2-ethyl-l, 3-hexanediol, function similarly but are slightly less effective. Commercial fountain concentrates using soluble, low-surface- tension additives provide some of this improved control but remain more dependent on printing format, ink and additive variables. Commercial concentrates having high surface tension provide none of this enhanced control and with no fountain solution additives the system is virtually inoperable. 

We have already seen an impressive example for such an acid-base reaction, namely the ammonia fountain (Experiment 4.12). The formation of an alkaline (basic) milieu in the flask according to... 

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