Fouling species

High speeds are needed to release common fouling species... 

The introduction of other organisms may be regarded as positive events. Benthic species such as mya and anadara widely spread over the regions with low oxygen contents unfavorable for other benthos representatives they provided valuable food resources for benthofagous fish, while their larvae are consumed by small pelagic fish. The role of the fouling species Balanus im-... 

Membrane fouling is a result of deposition of suspended solids, organics, or microbes on the surface of the membrane, typically on the feed/concentrate side. Fouling species include ... 

Belleville et al. [54] give a full description of the chemical nature of the fouling species. The use of enzymes to enhance the filter ability might also be effective for raising the economy in the application of ceramic membranes [55]. Another means of achieving economical operation could be flux enhancement by the application of pulsating flow as outlined by Jaffrin et al. [56,57]. The simultaneous introduction of pulses, and a rise in circulation velocity from 3 to 4.37 m/s and of the transmembrane pressure from 1 to 4.5 bar, increases the flux from 351/m h to 501/m h. 

The ascidian fauna of southern Africa are poorly known and the 145 species presently described are thought to represent only a small fraction of the overall ascidian biodiversity [3]. Not unexpectedly, common Pacific and Atlantic fouling species e.g. Cystodytes delechiajei, Clavellina lepadiformis, Didemnum listerianum and Ciona intestinalis frequent harbours in the southern African region [3]. 

It may react chemically with the fouling species to modify its fouling potential. 

Interest in how barnacles locate a suitable place to settle and the nature of the biogenic cues that are involved is likely to be sustained for the foreseeable future. Barnacles are of major economic importance as fouling species and the means to control... 

Acorn barnacles at 1750 animals/m were recorded as fouling species on the panels exposed by Short et al. [59] in Plymouth Sound (50°N 4°W), together with worms and algae. The full list of fouling organisms is given in Table 7.4. 

The surface deposits on UF PES membranes fouled by skimmed milk have been studied using ATR-FTIR to detect the functional groups of the fouling species [37]. Some milk components (lactose and salts) were eliminated by water rinsing, whereas proteins were only partially removed by chemical cleaning at basic pH. For dynamic conditions. 

Attachment of the fouling species to the wall follows transport of the key component to the wall region, where the solid which deposits is actually formed, except in the case of particulate fouling. The ettachment/formation process is very complicated, involving both physical and chemical processes, and it is not as well understood as the mass transfer process. The attachment/formation processes depend on the presence or absence of a fouling deposit on the surface. The attachment/formation of the deposit at a clean surface occurs in a different wav from attachment to a fouled surface. 

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