Fouling dynamic analysis

With the real-time data of fouling layer thickness variation obtained by either of the above-mentioned methods, a dynamic analysis procedure based on mass and... 

This dynamic analysis procedure enables us to obtain these basis data by knowing the surface porosity of a fouling layer and the real-time variation in the fouling layer thickness. In summary, the adopted dynamic procedure proves itself to be useful tool not only for designing a membrane filtration system but also for predicting or monitoring the system performance during plant operation. 

We used desorption of deactivated catalysts in vacuo at reaction temperatures into the ion source of a mass spectrometer as a method of examining desorbable intracrystalline fouling products. The method of dissolution of deactivated catalyst, followed by adsorbate analysis, that was reported by Venuto et al. (3, 4) was also used. The latter method gives composition and quantity of total adsorbate. The vacuum desorption technique provides information on the mobility—i.e., desorption dynamics, of desorbable (rather than total) adsorbed fouling products. 

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches are emerging as alternative detailed tools for examining polymerization systems with complex mixing and reactor components. Recent examples on LDPE cases include Kolhapure and Fox [118], micromixing effects in tubular reactors Zhou etal. [119], tubular (and autoclave) reactors Wells and Ray [120], analysis of imperfect mixing effects applicable to many reactive flow systems, including LDPE autoclaves and Buchelli etal. [121], fouling effects. 

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