Fouling affecting factor

The actual number of trays needed for a particular separation duty depends on the efficiency of the plate, and the packings if they are used. Thus, any factors that cause a decrease in tray efficiency will also change the performance of the colunm. Tray efficiencies are affected by such factors as fouling, wear and tear and corrosion, and the rates at which these occur depends on the properties of the liquids being processed. Thus the proper materials of construction must be selected for tray construction. 

Another way in which catalyst deactivation may affect performance is by blocking catalyst pores. This is particularly prevalent during fouling, when large aggregates of materials may be deposited upon the catalyst surface. The resulting increase in diffu-sional resistance may dramatically increase the Thiele modulus, and reduce the effectiveness factor for the reaction. In extreme cases, the pressure drop through a catalyst bed may also increase dramatically. 

As a result of these improvements in membrane performance, the major factors determining system performance have become concentration polarization and membrane fouling. All membrane processes are affected by these problems, so... 

At this stage, we should mention another important factor that can affect drastically the heat-transfer capability of a polymerization reactor fouling by polymer... 

Factors that affect fouling with NOM-calcium complexes include permeate flux and cross flow rate (see Chapters 3.3 and 9.4). At higher flux though the membrane, the concentration of calcium increases in the concentration polarization boundary layer at the membrane surface, as described above. Lower cross flow rates also increase the concentration of calcium in the boundary layer. The increases concentration of calcium at the membrane surface enhances the fouling of the membranes by the NOM-calcium aggregates.5... 

The main factors that affect the separation efficiency and yield in the membrane separation of beer are beer composition, membrane characteristics, process parameters, and membrane fouling. 

The efficiency of UF in whey processing is limited by a few factors, the most significant of which are concentration polarization and membrane fouling [6,39 1]. While both factors, which adversely affect permeate flux, may be aggravated by protein-protein and membrane-protein interactions [23,40,42-44], they may also be minimized by choosing suitable membrane material and configuration as well as the appropriate process conditions such as TMP, feed velocity or recirculation rate, temperature, and the chemical environment of whey [42,45,46]. 

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