Formation curve concept, studies

The diagram n as a function of the decimal antilogarithm of the ligand activity (concentration) of the free ligand after complexation (here pCl) is known as the formation curve. The mathematical study of the formation curve permits us to determine the equilibrium constants, A l, K2, K3, K4, etc. (see Sect. 24.3). The formation curve concept is due to J. Bjerrum. It can be extended to other phenomena in solution. 

The concept of a formation curve presents great interest when there is formation of polynuclear complexes. The study of its evolution as a function of the total concentration of the metallic ion permits us to detect the presence of polynuclear complexes. We have already seen (Chap. 24, Sects. 24.6 and 24.7) that when no polynuclear complex is formed, the curve is independent of the total concentration in the metallic ion. Inversely, this is no longer the case when there are polynuclear complexes. For the example of the hydroxo complexes of ferric ion, the curve formation is the curve n as a function of [OH ] or n as a function of pH. By definition,... 

In Chapter 6, the importance of RRDE fundamentals and practical usage in ORR study is emphasized in terms of both the electron transfer process on electrode surface, diffusion-convection kinetics near the electrode, and the ORR mechanism, particularly the detection of intermediate such as peroxide. One of most important parameters of RRDE, the collection efficiency, is deeply described including its concept, theoretical expression, as well as experiment calibration. Its usage in evaluating the ORR kinetic parameters, the apparent electron transfer, and percentage of peroxide formation is also presented. In addition, the measurement procedure including RRDE preparation, current—potential curve recording, and the data analysis are also discussed in this chapter. 

In the vast literature that covers the subject of polymer brushes, one may find numerous studies concerning brush formation and properties on flat surfaces. Since the introduction of the concept, polymer brushes have been studied traditionally on flat macroscopic surfaces due to the applicability of well-established experimental techniques and also because of the relative simplicity of the theoretical description on a flat geometry. However, the properties of polymer brushes grown on curved interfaces (especially on the surface of micro- and nanoparticles) have also received interest because of early-suggested applications in the stabilization of colloid dispersions [1]. 

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