Forests burning

The first type, primarily intended for use against crops and forests, burned with a large flame but did not have great penetrating power. 

Fearnside, P. M., P. M. L. A. Gtaga, N. Leal Filho, F. J. A. Rodrigues, and J. M. Robinson. 1999. Tropical forest burning in Brazilian Amazonia measurement of biomass loading, burning efficiency and charcoal formation at Altamira, Para, Forest Ecology and Management 123(1) 65-79. 

Element Natural forest aerosol 60 km north of Manaus Typical aerosol from forest burning area, valley of Rio Madeira... 

Apart from the release of inorganic chemical species by forest burning, the major effect of deforestation is to add substantial amounts of CO2 to the atmosphere (Bolin, 1977 Bolin et al., 1979 Woodwell et al., 1978). 

Indonesia ranks third, after Brazil and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire), in its area of tropical forest. Of Indonesia s total land area of 1.9 Mkm, current forest cover estimates range from 0.9 Mkm to 1.2 Mkm, or 48% to 69% of the total. Forests dominate the landscape of Indonesia (Makarim et al., 1998). Large areas of Indonesian forests burned in 1982 and 1983. In Kalimantan alone, the fires burned from 2.4 Mha to 3.6 Mha of forests (Makarim et al, 1998). It is interesting to note that there is an uncertainty of 1.2 Mha or an uncertainty of 50% in our knowledge of the burned area of fires that occurred 16 yr ago ... 

Measuring the Burn When a forest burns or a lake melts, indeed in any chemical Cf physical change, the reactants contain different quantities of energy than the products. In this chapter, you ll apply natural law to measure these changes. 

Charles Forest, Burning and Detonation , Seventh Symposium (International) on Detonation, 234-243 (1981). 

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