Fluxes and Forces from the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Fluxes and forces are derived from the entropy production in a volume element 

The derivation of the equations for homogeneous systems can be found in most of the literature cited. Kjelstrup and Bedeaux have given expressions for heterogeneous systems. We shall apply both sets of equations to both systems, considering transport of heat and mass at mechanical equilibrium. 

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