Fluoroscopic imaging

Figure 1. Fluoroscopic image illustrating maximum gel deformation in response to a single peristaltic contraction. When the peristaltic contraction passes over the gel, it becomes flattened (arrows) and subsequently retropelled. The image was taken 4 h after the administration of the gel.

Fig.13.7 The NeuroFlo catheter, (a) Fluoroscopic images show the suprarenal black arrow) and infrarenal white arrow) balloons. (b) Positron-emission tomography demonstrates progressive increase in flow during and after balloon inflation in a patient...

Miller SF, Landes AB, Dautenhahn LW et al (1995) Intussusception ability of fluoroscopic images obtained during air enemas to depict lead points and other abnormalities. Radiology 197 493-496... 

Fig 5 7a-C Temporal-sequence fluoroscopic images showing a ventricular lead being slid inside the adherences (checked by pushing the lead with a stylet inside)... 

Fig 5.8 Temporal-sequence fluoroscopic images showing (a) the atrial lead being grasped by a tip-deflecting wire inserted through a transfemoral approach, (b) proximal end of the lead now intravascular... 

Fig 5 12 Fluoroscopic image of step following those in Figure 5.11 the lead is pulled toward the internal jugular vein, doubling the insulation inside the 11-F introducer... 

Fig 5 11 Fluoroscopic images showing the next two steps in the case in the Figure 5.8 (a) atrial-lead-grasping maneuver using a tip-deflecting wire inserted via the transfemoral approach (b) proximal end of the lead, now intravascular, is then caught by a lasso... 

Fig 5 14 (a-d) Temporal-sequence fluoroscopic images (same patient as in Figure 5.8) after exposure of the atrial lead from the internal jugular vein showing introduction and sheath advancement over the lead, overcoming binding sites to the tip. (e-h) The same maneuver on an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) ventricular lead... 

Fig. 7.2 Serial anteroposterior fluoroscopic images taken during transvenous removal of a left-sided dual-chamber implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) system. After placement of a temporary right-ventricular (RV) pacing system

Fig. 16.3. a Fluoroscopic image demonstrating relationship of catheter tip with respect to left main stem bronchus (asterisk). b Selective angiography in same patient as (a) visualization of left bronchial artery... 

Fig. 4.101 Right anterior oblique (RAO) fluoroscopic image of the heart with two catheters in the right ventricle to define the upper and lower limits of the right ventricular outflow tract. PACE 27 885, 2004. (from Lieberman R, Gienz D, Mond HG et al Selective site pacing defining and reaching the selected site. PACE 27 884, 2004)...

As these patients have diminished renal function due to the obstruction, intravenous contrast medium with delayed fluoroscopic imaging is no longer used unless contrast medium has already been administered as part of a CT study and there is adequate opacification of the calices. Ultrasound (US) is used to guide the needle towards a posterior (usually lower pole) calix. An initial US will give an appreciation of the position of the kidney relative to certain surface landmarks such as the twelfth rib. The skin is then cleansed and draped and local anesthetic administered, both to the skin and deeper to the surface of the renal capsule. 

In the past, image guidance in the interventional suite has been limited to 2D X-ray fluoroscopic imaging. With the emergence of C-arm CT, however, it is now possible to generate 3D data sets and perform real-time 2D imaging in the same room without having to relocate the patient. 

Fig. 1.4.1. Example of a video-urodynamic study. Blue line indicates total bladder pressure, red line rectal pressure, green line subtracted bladder pressure (detrusor pressure), white line electromyogram, dark blue line urinary flow. Vertical white line indicates time of fluoroscopic image...

There are various types of PPM that pace different chambers of the heart. The choice of pacemaker system used depends very much on the patient s condition and the underlying rhythm of the patient. Most systems are inserted in theatre or a cardiac catheterization lab using fluoroscopic imaging to position the leads, which are inserted through a vein (i.e. the cephalic or Subclavian vein). There are several different modes a pacemaker can be set to. To distinguish between these different settings pacemakers are given a code to define their type and function. Table 8.1 summarises these pacemaker codes. 

Fig. 24.3. Fluoroscopic image of an occlusion balloon inflated in hepatic vein adjacent to a metastasis to reduce cooling from blood flow during RF ablation with a triple, cooled electrode (Radionics)...

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