Fluorescence probes, microscopy studies

The phase behavior of octadecanoic (stearic) acid/ tetradecanoic (myristic) acid/" and PDA has been examined by fluorescence microscopy. The observations are similar the most complete measurements have been carried out on PDA. Figure 10 shows the progression of images when a PDA monolayer doped with a fluorescent probe is studied at 25°C. 

The above discussion provides only a brief overview of how fluorescence techniques can be used to study the interactions of ligands with their receptors. We have focused on the quantitation of the binding parameters and compared the data with that which may be obtained with those from radiolabelled ligand binding studies. The number of applications of fluorescence in the study of neurochemistry and molecular biology is ever increasing. Outside the scope of this review is, for example, the use of fluorescence microscopy to monitor cell surface expression and targeting of receptors or the use of fluorescence probes to monitor ion transport into and out of cells. 

A number of works investigated the interaction between niosomes and human skin. With niosomes prepared from Ci2 alcohol polyoxyethylene ether and cholesterol, vesicular structures of about 100 nm size have been observed between the first and second layers of human corneocytes 48 h after incubation as well as in the deeper strata of the skin [37], The authors concluded that the structures visualized in the deeper regions could be vesicles reorganized from individual molecules that penetrated the skin. In another study, electron micrographs illustrated that niosomes containing surfactants and cholesterol affected only the most superficial corneocytes. Moreover, two-photon fluorescence microscopy confirmed that fluorescent probe encapsulated in niosomes was confined to the intercellular spaces within the apical stratum corneum layers [56]. 

Structures 13C, 2H and 2H NMR spectroscopy (T2 relaxation times, signal intensity ratio versus generation) rheology studies electron microscopy computer-assisted molecular simulations, comparison to CPK models electrospray mass spectroscopy fluorescence probe analysis. 

McConnell, Mohwald, and their co-workers were the first to exploit fluorescence microscopy in the study of monolayers. A detailed description of the method has been given by Lbsche and Mohwald. The amphiphile is doped with a fluorescent probe, which is usually also an amphiphile. For... 

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