Pressure drop fluidization

C 20 line cohesive interparticle forces e.g., flour channel rather than fluidize pressure drop < particle weight fluidization improved by stirring vibration addition of submicrons anti-electrification ... 

Hence the ratio between the spouting and fluidization pressure drop equals 0.75. 

Pressure Drop. The prediction of pressure drop in fixed beds of adsorbent particles is important. When the pressure loss is too high, cosdy compression may be increased, adsorbent may be fluidized and subject to attrition, or the excessive force may cmsh the particles. As discussed previously, RPSA rehes on pressure drop for separation. Because of the cychc nature of adsorption processes, pressure drop must be calculated for each of the steps of the cycle. The most commonly used pressure drop equations for fixed beds of adsorbent are those of Ergun (143), Leva (144), and Brownell and co-workers (145). Each of these correlations uses a particle Reynolds number (Re = G///) and friction factor (f) to calculate the pressure drop (AP) per... 

The basic concepts of a gas-fluidized bed are illustrated in Figure 1. Gas velocity in fluidized beds is normally expressed as a superficial velocity, U, the gas velocity through the vessel assuming that the vessel is empty. At a low gas velocity, the soHds do not move. This constitutes a packed bed. As the gas velocity is increased, the pressure drop increases until the drag plus the buoyancy forces on the particle overcome its weight and any interparticle forces. At this point, the bed is said to be minimally fluidized, and this gas velocity is termed the minimum fluidization velocity, The bed expands slightly at this condition, and the particles are free to move about (Fig. lb). As the velocity is increased further, bubbles can form. The soHds movement is more turbulent, and the bed expands to accommodate the volume of the bubbles. 

Pressure Drop. The pressure drop across a two-phase suspension is composed of various terms, such as static head, acceleration, and friction losses for both gas and soflds. For most dense fluid-bed appHcations, outside of entrance or exit regimes where the acceleration pressure drop is appreciable, the pressure drop simply results from the static head of soflds. Therefore, the weight of soflds ia the bed divided by the height of soflds gives the apparent density of the fluidized bed, ie... 

Good gas distribution is necessary for the bed to operate properly, and this requites that the pressure drop over the distributor be sufficient to prevent maldistribution arising from pressure fluctuations in the bed. Because gas issues from the distributor at a high velocity, care must also be taken to minimize particle attrition. Many distributor designs are used in fluidized beds. The most common ones are perforated plates, plates with caps, and pipe distributors. 

Fluidization occurs when the fluid flow rate is great enough so that the pressure drop across the bed equals the weight of the bed. As stated previously, the solids film thickness adjacent to the wall is difficult to measure and/or predict. Wen and Fan [Chem. Eng., 64(7), 254 (1957)] give external walls ... 

Figure 33. Pressure drop flow diagram for ideally fluidized bed.

It is important to determine pressure drop of fluid through tubular reaetors, sueh as paeked, fixed, and fluidized bed reaetors where, eatalysts are employed. AP is an important faetor that influenees the design and operation of sueh reaetors. Ergun [3] developed a useful... 

The pressure drop in the Y or J-bend section could be from improper fluidization or a flaw in the mechanical design. There are often fluffing gas distributors in the bottom of the Y or along the J-bend that are designed to promote uniform delivery of the cataly.st into the feed nozzles. Mechanical damage to these distributors or too little or too much fluffing gas affect the catalyst density, causing pressure head downstream of the slide valve. 

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