Flow-through conventional potentiometric cells

Cu Ag AgCl Reference Electrode lndicator Electrode YSZ HgO Hg Pt... Pt CuCr Sol. 1 Sol. 2 

As an example of the utility of the system employed above, the association constants of HCl(aq) at temperatures from 300 to 400 °C were recently obtained (Lvov et al., 2000b, 2002, 2003). Also, using both the PtlHj) and YSZ(HgZHgO) electrodes in an isothermal flow-through system the Henry s constant of H2(aq) was obtained at temperatures between 300 and 450 °C (Eklund et al., 1997 Ding and Seyfiled, 1995). 

One of the disadvantages of any flow-through electrochemical system is the existence of a streaming potential, which must be taken into account or eliminated. To eliminate, Estr, it is necessary to extrapolate the measured open-circuit potentials to zero flow rate so that at least four experimental points should be measured to provide a reliable linear extrapolation. Another possibility is to minimize 

According to tiie Bronsted definition of acids and bases, solutes release hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions, respectively. 

The ionization product A is tiie conjugate base of HA(aq), because it acts as a base by reacting with water to form HA(aq). 

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Furthermore, it was shown that it is possible to integrate and miniaturize indicator and reference electrodes while maintaining the characteristics of macro-conventional potentiometric sensors [21]. In consequence, it was shown that such electrodes can be placed together on a flat surface. In this way the miniature galvanic cells for flow-through modules, for direct measurements in small sample volumes can be obtained. 

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