Flocculation results

Another type of flocculation results from particle—particle collisions caused by differential settlement. This effect is quite pronounced in full-size plants where large rapidly falling particles capture small particles that settle more slowly. 

The flocculation results presented in Figure 22.2 give strong evidence that kinetically aggregated filler clusters or networks are formed in elastomer composites, as shown in Figure 22.5. 

The flocculation results on the individual mineral suspensions are shown in Figure 2 (A B). These graphs show the effect of polyacrylic acid dispersant before (PAA) Figure 2A, and after xanthation (PAAX) Figure 2B, on the flocculation-dispersion behavior of individual suspensions of coal and pyrite with Purifloc-A22 flocculant. 

Arsenic removal from drinking water is a major problem in many parts of the world. Han et al. [60] investigated arsenic removal by flocculation and microfiltration. Ferric chloride and ferric sulfate were used as flocculants. Results showed that flocculation before microfiltration led to significant arsenic removal in the permeate. Furthermore, the addition of small amounts of cationic polymeric flocculants resulted in significantly improved permeate fluxes during microflitration. 

Particle size distribution polycarbophils are produced from primary polymer particles of an average diameter of about 0.2 pm. These polymers are then flocculated, resulting in powders averaging 2-7 pm in diameter. Once formed, the flocculated agglomerates cannot be broken down into their primary particles. 

The computed interaction energies are summarized and compared with experimental flocculation results (Pradip et al. 1993) in Figure 2.16. Our calculations successfully captured the selectivity of starch toward hematite, arising due to similar Fe-Fe and 0-0 (starch) spatial distances... 

Effluents from pulp, paper and board mills contain wood materials in solid, colloidal and dissolved form. The effluents also contain some chemicals used in the production process, either in their original or modified form. The principal mechanical methods used to remove these compounds are filtration (including membrane and nanotechnology), sedimentation and/or flotation. All these methods require very good flocculation and coagulation of these undesirable substances in the effluent. Only then can they be separated from the clear water. The main chemicals used for coagulation are aluminum salts (e. g. Al2(S04)s), iron salts (e.g. FeCU or Fe2(S04)s or FeS04) and hme with addition rates of 100-500 g m effluent To achieve optimum flocculation results, it is often necessary to feed a suitable... 

Coagulation and flocculation results are difficult to predict based on a water analysis therefore, laboratory jar tests are performed to simulate the coagulation and flocculation condition. The laboratory data are then used to determine the basis for design and efficient operation. The tests are run to establish ... 

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