Floating figures

On a single-evaporator flooded system, a float valve can be fitted which will pass any drained liquid from the condenser direct to the evaporator. The action is the same as that of a steam trap. The float chamber is at condenser pressure and the control is termed a high-pressure float (Figure 8.3). 

In the submarine type, the strip containing buffer is immersed in a liquid immiscible with water, such as chlorobenzene. The purpose is to dissipate heat. Chlorobenzene often is used if paper strips are used, because its density is similar to that of buffer-saturated paper so the paper will stay submerged and won t float. Figure 27-23 shows a commercial apparatus, and Figure 27-24, p. 329, is a diagram of this type of apparatus. 

The lower density of ice compared to liquid water profoundly affects life on Earth. Because ice floats (Figure 11.9), it covers the top of the water when a lake freezes in cold weather, thereby insulating the water below. If ice were more dense than water, ice forming at the top of a lake would sink to the bottom, and the lake could freeze solid. Most aquatic life could not survive xmder these conditions. The expansion of water upon freezing (Figure 11.11 T) is also what causes water pipes to break in freezing weather. 

Figure 9.2 Floating roofs and flexible membranes can be used to prevent the release of material. (From Smith and Petela, The Chemical Engineer, no. 517, 9 April, 1992 reproduced by permission of the Institution of Chemical Engineers.)...

Figure 10.29 Fixed roof and floating roof storage tanks...

Basically, two different methods arc commonly used for representing a chemical struchiive in 3D space. Both methods utilize different coordinate systems to describe the spatial arrangement of the atoms of a molecule under con.sidcration. The most common way is to choose a Cartesian coordinate system, i.e., to code the X-, y-, and z-coordinates of each atom, usually as floating point numbers, For each atom the Cartesian coordinates can be listed in a single row. giving consecutively the X-, )> , and z-valnc.s. Figure 2-90 illustrates this method for methane. 

Still another possibiUty is a marine biomass plantation such as that envisaged for giant brown kelp grown off the California coast and conversion of the kelp to methane in a system similar to that shown in Figure 19. The location of the SNG plant could be either on a floating platform near the kelp growth area or located on shore, in which case the biomass or fuel transport requirements would be different. 

Floating Roofs These must have a seal between the roof and the tank shell. If not protec ted by a fixed roof, they must have drains for the removal of water, and the tank shell must have a wind girder to avoid distortion. An industiy has developed to retrofit existing tanks with floating roofs. Much detail on the various types of tank roofs is given in manufacturers literature. Figure 10-182 shows types. These roofs cause less condensation buildup and are highly recommended. 

The outer shell of the earth, consisting of the upper mantle and the crust (Figure I4. lO), is formed of a number of rigid plates. These plates are 20 in number and are shown in Figure 14.1 I. Of these, six or seven are major plates, as can be seen in the map. The edges of these plates define their boundaries and the arrows indicate the direction of their movement. These plates contain the continents, oceans and mountains. They almost float on the partially molten rock and metal of the mantle. The outer shell, known as the lithosphere, is about 70 to 1,50 km thick. It has already moved great distances below the etirth s surface, ever since the earth was formed and is believed to be in slow and continuous motion all the time. The plates slide on the molten mantle and move about lO to 100 mm a year in the direction shown by the arrows. The movement of plates is believed to be the cause of continental drifts, the formation of ocean basins and mountains and also the consequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. 

Figure 21-1 shows the object to be protected and the arrangement of impressed current anodes and reference electrodes. A central anode and two ring anodes of platinized titanium wire 3 mm in diameter provided with additional copper wire conductors are installed here. It is worth noting that the central anode is suspended from a float, whereas the ring anode is mounted on plastic supports. The zinc reference electrodes are also on floats near the inner side of the bell, while the 17 reference electrodes are mounted on plastic rods on the bottom of the cup and in the ring... 

Figure 2-8 A high voltage floating linear regulator.

Floating linear regulators are partieularly suited for high-output voltage regulation, but may be used anywhere. This regulator ean be seen in Figure 2-9. 

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