FlaSHing instability

Process Control. Some hot nickel and flash electroless copper solutions are plated to the point of exhaustion and then discarded. Most baths are formulated to give bath fives of >6 turnovers of the bath constituents some reach steady-state buildup of the by-products and can be used indefinitely. AU. regenerable solutions should be filtered to remove particulates that can cause deposit roughness and bath instability. 

To analyze dynamic instabilities, the above equations have been programmed as computer codes such as STABLE (Jones and Dight, 1961-1964), DYNAM (Efferding, 1968), HYDNA (Currin et al., 1961), RAMONA (Solverg and Bak-stad, 1967), and FLASH (Margolis and Redfield, 1965). 

PN nucleus, horizontal-branch and white-dwarf regions. The dotted line shows a schematic main sequence and evolutionary track for Population II, while various dashed lines show roughly the Cepheid instability strip, the transition to surface convection zones and the helium-shell flashing locus for Population I. After Pagel (1977). Copyright by the IAU. Reproduced with kind permission from Kluwer Academic Publishers. 

Laser flash photolysis experiments48,51 are based on the formation of an excited state by a laser pulse. Time resolutions as short as picoseconds have been achieved, but with respect to studies on the dynamics of supramolecular systems most studies used systems with nanosecond resolution. Laser irradiation is orthogonal to the monitoring beam used to measure the absorption of the sample before and after the laser pulse, leading to measurements of absorbance differences (AA) vs. time. Most laser flash photolysis systems are suitable to measure lifetimes up to hundreds of microseconds. Longer lifetimes are in general not accessible because of instabilities in the lamp of the monitoring beam and the fact that the detection system has been optimized for nanosecond experiments. 

When piping the outlet to headers, flash drums, scrubbers, and so on, it is highly recommended to diverge at least one size up from the outlet piping to allow the fluids to expand this avoids unnecessary built-up backpressure and turbulences in the outlet, which creates instability in the valve. This is basically the same reason the outlet of an SRV is always one size up from the inlet (Figure 6.16). 

When a fat or oil is heated, thermal instability may cause decomposition, and depending on the temperature reached, subsequent combustion of volatile gaseous decomposition products (Mehlenbacher, 1960). The thermal stability of fats and oils is thus essentially a chemical characteristic. However, stability is characterized by measuring certain critical temperatures, the smoke, flash and fire points, at which certain heat-induced changes become apparent. It is appropriate, therefore, to include here methods for measuring these critical points. 

The known oxides are listed in Table 9.6, which emphasizes the very different behaviours of the halogens towards oxygen. (The oxide CIO is apparently formed by the flash photolysis of Clj and 0 mbctures an oxide which may be CljO has been produced as a very unstable dark-brown solid at -45°C by u.v. photolysis of a mfacture of CIO2 and CliOg.) Structural studies have been made of those printed in heavy type in Table 9.6 the paucity of structural information being largely due to the instability of many of these compounds. For example, F2O2 decomposes into... 

Palacios, A., Charbonnel, C. Forestini, M. 2001 The lithium flash. Thermal instabilities generated by lithium burning in RGB stars. 2001 A A 375, L9. 

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