Flames and detonations

Thomas, G. O., and Oakley, G. L. 1993. On Practical Difficulties Encountered When Testing Flame and Detonation Arresters to BS 7244. Trans. IChemE, 71, PartB, 187-193. 

Sokolik, A. S. 1963. Self-ignition, flame and detonation in gases. Israel Program of Scientific Translations. Jerusalem. 

Lee, J.H., East flames and detonations, in The Chemistry of Combustion Processes, American Chemical Society, Sloane, T.M., Ed., ACS Symposium Series, No. 249, 1984. 

White others "General Discussion on Detonation Wave Structure , Ibid, pp 474-81 75) A.S. Sokolik, "Self-ignition, Flame and Detonation in Gases , Translation from Russian (See Ref 57), IsraelProgram for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem (1963),... 

Ignition, Flame and Detonation in Gases , Jerusalem (1963) 9) Dunkle s Syllabus... 

A plasma is an appreciably ionized gas(about 1% or more) having no net charge, and may have a wide range of densities. Plasmas are of particular interest because of the possibility of initiating nuclear fusion in them, but they also appear in such phenomena as a neon sign, a lightning stroke, the ionosphere about the earth, shock waves, and the compressed layer of hot gas about an object entering the earth s atmosphere They appear in flames and detonation waves. It seems well established that free radicals and ions are present at well over equilibrium concentrations in flames (Ref 1). The ions appear to be produced not by thermal processes but by chemical factors which cause abnormal electronic excitation... 

Fairbanks A.G. Gaydon, Nature 175, 253-54(1955) (Comparison of the spectra produced by shock waves, flames and detonations) 31) W.A. Allen et al, JAppl-Phys 26, 125-26(1955)(Shock waves in air produced by elastic waves in a plate)... 

A.G. Gaydon, "Comparison of the Spectra Produced by Shock Waves, Flames and Detonations , Nature 175, 253-54(1955)... 

Samovosplameneniye, Plamia i Detonatsiya v Gazakh , IzdatAkadNauk, Moskva(1960) Engl translation by A.Kaner under the title "Self -Ignition, Flame and Detonation in Gases , published for NASA and NSF in Jerusalem (1963) available thru OTS, Washington 25, DC 3)EncydBritannica 6(1963), 127... 

Hazard May explode under confinement and high temperatures, but not readily detonated. Ventilate well. To fight fire, use large amounts of water. The material must be kept as cool as possible and removed from confinement and flooded with water in event of fire. Explodes more readily if contaminated with combustibles. Strong oxidizing agent. May be made resistant to flame and detonation by proprietary process involving addition of 5-10% ammonium phosphate. 

Westbrook, C.K. Inhibition of hydrocarbon oxidation in laminar flames and detonations by halo-genated compounds. In I9th Symposium (IntT) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute Pittsburgh, 1982 127-141. 

More ICT tests were conducted under conditions of partial confinement (two parallel walls forming al0x3x3m lane) and with rich (36 - 41 vol%) H2-air mixtures. With full fan-induced turbulence, flame acceleration was observed until DDT occurred resulting in pressures and velocities exceeding the Chapman-Joguet values (see next section) [35]. Flame and detonation front profiles for one of the tests are plotted in Fig. 8-11 clearly showing the sudden transition to detonation shortly past the fan. 

Ammonium nitrate fertilizer can be made resistant to flame and detonation by an exclusive process involving the addition of 5 to 10% ammonium phosphate. 

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