Flame retardants inorganic oxide and hydroxide systems

The subject of rubber as a filler is dealt with in the entry entitled Surface-modified rubber particles for pol)nirethanes. Hydrated alumina, otherwise known as alumina trihydrate (ATH), is considered under the heading Flame retardants inorganic oxide and hydroxide systems. Some mechanical property considerations are dealt with in the entry entitled Fillers their effect on the failure modes of plastics. ... 

Flame retardants inorganic oxide and hydroxide systems Flame retardants intumescent systems ... 

Boron compounds such as borax and boric acid are well known fire retardants for cellulosic products [1]. However, the use of boron compounds such as zinc borate, ammonium pentaborate, boric oxide, and other metallo-borates in the plastics industry has become prominent only since the late 1970s. This entry will review the manufacturing, chemical and physical properties, end-use applications, as well as modes of action of major boron compounds as fire retardants in polymers. The subject is also mentioned in the section entitled Flame retardants inorganic oxide and hydroxide systems. ... 

First there are additives which act to remove heat by endothermic decomposition and/or the generation of copious quantities of inert gases to dilute the combustible polymer degradation products. Materials such as alumina trihydrate (ATH) and magnesium hydroxide, which in toimage terms are by far the most widely used halogen-free flame retardants, work in this way. These additives are more fully described in the section Flame retardants inorganic oxide and hydroxide systems. ... 

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