First-principle design, implementation

Off-line analysis, controller design, and optimization are now performed in the area of dynamics. The largest dynamic simulation has been about 100,000 differential algebraic equations (DAEs) for analysis of control systems. Simulations formulated with process models having over 10,000 DAEs are considered frequently. Also, detailed training simulators have models with over 10,000 DAEs. On-line model predictive control (MPC) and nonlinear MPC using first-principle models are seeing a number of industrial applications, particularly in polymeric reactions and processes. At this point, systems with over 100 DAEs have been implemented for on-line dynamic optimization and control. 

The objective of this section is to elaborate the meaning, background and evidence of effectiveness of our belief that conceiving-designing-implementing-operating should be the context of engineering education. This belief is so foundational to the CDIO approach that it is captured as the first principle of effective practice, called CDIO Standard 1. 

In the first year, the design-implement experience can be part of an introductory course that emphasizes the fundamental principles of the design process, for example. 

Overall Principle. First, the designer must declare whether data- or control-flow interactions between a set of aspects are expected or not. Then, the resolution implies defining the correct order of the application of multiple advices at a shared join point. Interferences may induce subtle failures, we propose to reveal them by means of assertions. To keep separation of concerns, the assertions should be implemented with dedicated aspects that monitor the execution of other aspects. The resolver construct is used to this aim. 

Detectors designed according to the principles of coulometry have innate possibilities for selectivity and quantitative capacity. Coulson and Cavanaugh (37) first implemented coulometry to determine chlorine and later sulfur. Martin advanced the state of the art by designing a detector capable of determining trace amounts... 

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