Filtration hydraulic loads

It has to be stressed that geotextiles cannot always replace the granular filter completely (see Sec. 19.2.3). A granular layer can often be needed to reduce (damp) the hydraulic loadings (internal gradients) to an acceptable level at the soil interface. After that, a geotextile can be applied to fulfill the filtration function. 

Further rise in heat load maintains increasing of the abovementioned entire hydraulic resistance, and if it exceeds 2a/7 max a local deformation of the interface happens at some decreasing of thermal resistance in the evaporation zone. When heat load keeps on increasing and the entire hydraulic resistance exceeds IcsIRef, Rm n < Ref < max) then edging between the wall and the liquid in the porous structure will be destroyed and two-phase boundary layer will appear between the evaporator wall and vapor-liquid interface (Fig. 3, mode 3). This mode exists until the whole porous structure around the circumferential channels is occupied by the two-phase layer. Then vapor phase filtration through the porous... 

In conventional applications, powdered activated carbon OPAC) is added to the bulk solution prior to filtration. Thereby, the hydraulic retention time between the point of dosage and the separation unit is considered to be the time period of the sorption process. The equilibrium loads of activated carbon (AC) are higher in AC filtration than in conventional application of PAC [64]. This is because in the filtration process the equilibrium load ( equilibrium, flitration) corresponds to the solute concentration of the filter influx (Cui fl ation). whereas for floating coal in a reaction tank the equilibrium load ( equilibrium, reaction tank) Corresponds to the solute concentration after sorption Cout, reaction tank (scc Fig. 1)... 

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