Film/coating formation nucleation density

These conducting polymers are sometimes termed organic metals, and their formation as thin-film coatings on an electrode involves nucleation phenomena so perhaps by analogy with metal electrodeposition under ultrasound there have been studies to improve the quality of the deposited materials. Polypyrrole readily forms acceptable films under a wide variety of conditions [174], although there are subtle distinctions in behavior as a result of exact preparation procedure [175], Ultrasound from 38 or 500 kHz baths does not appear to appreciably improve polypyrrole film formation, at least from MeCN electrolyte at the normal current density of 1 mAmp... 

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