Filling agent

The extensive size of organic amine as structure-directing templates or pore filling agents, coupled with a new gel chemistry resulted in the discovery of a third generation of zeolites containing Al3+ and P5+ as lattice atoms (1982). These aluminophosphate materials are a family of molecular sieves as shown in figure 7.10. 

In the presence of minor amounts of Pr4N+, poorly crystalline ZSM-5 is obtained (6) while in complete absence of template, only limited amounts of ZSM-5 appear after several days of crystallization (7, 8). In that case, hydrated sodium ions constitute a poor replacement as template or pore filling agents for Pr4N+ (8). The crystallization rate of such systems can be considerably increased by addition of amines that then primarily act as pore fillers (5, 9, 10) but not necessarily as specific structure directors during nucleation (5). 

Zeolite ZSM-23 can be readily synthesized with pyrrolidine as organic template and fumed silica as silica source. Pyrrolidine seems to intervene in the nucleation and crystal growth process, in the latter case most probably as pore-filling agent. By proper optimization of the gel composition and the synthesis conditions, ZSM-23 can be synthesized in less than one day. The synthesis of ZSM-23 has some... 

A higher A1 content in the hydrogel is a predominant variable that leads to a differently arranged Al-richer EU-1 framework. HM++ stabilize this framework as counterions along with the alkali cations and also as pore filling agents, but do not initiate its nucleation. The more open, tortuous pore structure that results, accomodates the HM++ ions easily, without much steric constraint, and the EU-1 structure contains a far smaller number of Si-0- defects than ZSM-48. 

KAURIT KFN is recommended for the anticrease and antishrink finishing of rayon, cotton and linen fabrics and blends of these fibres with one another or with wool or synthetics. It also produces good results in the embossed, chintz, Schreiner and plisse finishing of cotton and spun rayon fabrics and in the fixation of filling agents. 

PVAc-dispersion with plasticizer, adhesive for laminating textile/textile and textile/paper, filling agent for textile finishing. 

Finishing oil based on castor oil for combination with starch, PVAc, and other filling agents provides cotton- and cotton blended fabrics with a full handle. 

Anionic softener for fabric finishing can be combined with all types of filling agents softener with stabilizing effects in peroxide bleaching of cotton yarns. 

The pesticides are produced as application preparations marketed in the form which facilitates the application on the area treated in the dose necessary. For spraying the treated area, they are in the form of liquid emul-sifiable or powdered suspended concentrates. In this way, certain amounts of solvents and filling agents are also transported into the environment. These are particularly different mineral oils, tensides and in small aerosol products also freons. In some countries experiments are also aimed at the possibility of using certain antibiotics as pesticides. 

Acting as a space-filling agent occupying the voids between the framework constituents. In this case, the agent will contribute to the energetic stabilization of a more open structure as opposed to the creation of a denser stmeture. 

Animal glues are used in leather manufacturing as a component of fat liquoring compounds which are used to impart softness to the leather, and as a filling agent to give added body to the leather. They are also used in finishing. 

Fig. 6. Change in chemical potential of lattice precursors of porous crystals upon sorption of a pore filling agent. Curve (a) represents a reference state different from that of curves (b) and (c). Curve (b) refers to a more strongly held sorbate than curve (c) (after ref. 18).

Thus, multi-walled carbon nanotubes are considered to be more effective filling agents than layered silicates in the terms of improvement of thermal properties and flame retardancy of PP matrix. This could be explained by the specific antioxidant properties and high thermal conductivity of MWCNT, which determine the carbonization reactions during thermal-oxidative degradation process. 

The definition for catalytic purposes of a zeolite reads as follows a crystalline material with micropores and cation-exchange capacity that is insoluble in water and common organic solvents and has sufficient thermal stability that allows removal of all pore-filling agents present in the as-synthesized materials. This definition is narrower than that of the IZA Constitution, which includes mesoporous solids, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), cationic and anionic clays [3]. 

Zeolite crystallization is thermally activated and enhanced at higher temperatures, viz. from 373 to 473 K. If the micropore-filling agents like water or organics are becoming too volatile at high temperatures, zeolite formation ceases at the expense of layered structures like clay minerals [93]. 

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