Fill ratio

On heating up, thermal expansion of a liquid in sealed piping, equipment or a container may exert sufficient hydraulic pressure to cause rupture or failure. (Hence specific filling ratios are followed with containers, e.g. road tankers.)... 

As the seale of operation inereases, the effeet of the heat eonsump-tion by the plant typieally deelines. Therefore, the extent to whieh the kineties of the runaway reaetion is influeneed by the plant is redueed. For plant seale vessels, the ([t-faetor is usually low (i.e., 1.0-1.2) depending on the heat eapaeity of the sample and the vessel fill ratio. Laboratory testing for vent sizing must simulate these low ([t-faetors. If the laboratory ([t-faetor is high, several anomalies will oeeur ... 

Results have been presented on one experiment. It involved a 5.659-m vessel containing 1000 kg of butane with a fill ratio of 39%. The vessel s contents were heated to 99°C, which is near but still below the supetheat-limit temperature, producing an internal pressure of 14.6 bar gauge. Vessel failure was then initiated. Measured pressure-time histories indicated that a number of separate pressure pulses occurred. They are plotted in Figure 6.6 as the overpressure-time relationship measured at 25 m from the vessel. 

Such experiments should also determine the influences of fill ratio, pressure, substance, and degree of superheat on mass contributing to fireball generation. 

Indications are that the spheres were half-full at the time of the incident, but the overpressure at a distance of 300 m will be calculated for fill ratios of 0, 50, and 100%, in order to illustrate differences. 

Explosion energy can be calculated by employing a slight variation on Eq. (6.3.26), by multiplying expansion work per unit volume by fluid volume, instead of multiplying expansion work per unit mass by fluid mass. Both propane and butane must be considered. This gives, for example, for vapor energy for the 50% fill-ratio case ... 

The energies of the other fill ratios are given in Table 9.5. 

Fill Ratio Liquid Vapor Liquid + Vapor... 

To determine the nondimensional side-on peak overpressure P at the large storage tank, P, is read from Figure 6.22. The results for the different fill ratios are given in Table 9.6. 

Fill Ratio (vol %) Expansion of Vapor Only Combined Expansion of Vapor and Flashing of Liquid ... 

In the second case, temperature rises very rapidly, so the liquid is not heated to a temperature above the superheat limit temperature at failure, and no liquid flashing occurs. To demonstrate the influence of fill ratio, cases of 80% and 10% fill ratio are considered. 

BS 5355 Filling ratios and developed pressures for liquefiable and permanent gases BS 5045 Transportable gas containers... 

Parameter Filler particle shape and filling ratio % by vol. ... 

It is assumed that k and trp depend on the filling ratio (Vf), fiber modulus, method of fabrication. In [151] for example, the k for carbon fiber bundles has been found to be ... 

K, is generalized Einstein s coefficient ip is reduced concentration dependent on the maximum possible filling ratio Vmax in a most closely packed system B is a constant, about equal to 1. 

For a fixed filling ratio, the degree of crystallinity and mean crystallite size are somewhat higher in PFCM than in mechanical mixtures of similar composition and similar matrix characteristics [299, 300]. 

The numerator gives filling ratios by mass, denominator — by volume. 

At fixed filling ratio, using a hybrid filler may decrease extruded material swelling, raise the critical deformation parameters at which elastic turbulence of the melt may begin [366]. 

Fig. 14 Relationship between CSA fill ratio and polymer yield. The CSA fill ratio is the fraction of Al sites bearing a polymer chain at the end of the polymerization...

The worst case will normally be the maloperation that results in the highest rate of temperature and/or pressure rise over the relief range (dependent on whether the system is tempered or untempered). However, this assumes that other parameters used in the relief sizing calculations remain constant, e.g. reactor fill ratio, mass of reacting species, physical properties. Where any of the other parameters used in the calculations are significantly affected by the maloperation under consideration, then this will also have to be taken into account in selecting the worst case. In such cases, it may be necessary to roughly calculate the relief size. 

Filling Ratio and Milling Duration. The filling ratio, rj, the ratio of the quantity of materials to be processed (polyethylene terephthalate and diamine) to the milling bodies (spherical particles 9 mm in... 

The volumetric filling ratio, X, can be evaluated from Eq. (2) in the steady state the angle subtended by the bed at the cyfinder axis, a(z), is computed from the local height H z), and the volumetric filling ratio is obtained by numerical integration ... 

The experimental and theoretical volumetric filling ratios are given in Fig. 5 for 12 experiments. 

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