Field diagnostic tools

Field diagnostic tools which can be used to characterize the site ... 

The Application of Electrostatic Fields. The use of electric fields as a diagnostic tool in the radiolysis of gases was first introduced by Essex (13). Certain revisions of the original interpretation were required (6, 37) largely because the importance of ion-molecule reactions had been rediscovered. 

C-NMR chemical shifts are a useful diagnostic tool for carbene complexes, with Ccarb being substantially deshielded. The Ccarb resonance is seen to shift to higher fields as the electron deficiency of the metal center is increased (i.e., with electron-withdrawing ligands and in cationic complexes). 

Pharmacokinetic results in humans have confirmed the favourable findings in animal studies. Thus the clinical use of extracellular gadolinium complexes as diagnostic tools in MRI has become routine practice in many fields of interest among others for diagnosing tumours, infections, inflammations and infarctions particularly in the Central Nervous System (CNS). 

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