Fetal arrangement

Figure 16.1 Illustration of the anatomical arrangement of the syncytiotrophoblast (placental barrier) and the fetal capillaries as would appear in a cross section of a human placental villus. Reprinted from Audus [10] with permission from Elsevier B.V.

Reviewers may use a checklist similar to the one given in Table I to collect data in a concise format on one page so that differences between treatment groups and the relationships between different parameters become obvious at a single glance. Litter data endpoints can be arranged in a logic order to be considered not in isolation but in context with related endpoints in the cascade of development from ovulation to the end of the fetal period. 

ACh receptors are present in the post-junctional membrane of the endplate, in the junctional folds. The nicotinic ACh receptor at the motor endplate has five subunits, two os, (3, 5 and . In addition, a Y subunit instead of an e subunit may be present in the so-called extra-junctional or the fetal receptor. The five subunits are arranged as a cylinder around a central funnel-shaped pore, the ion channel. The two a subunits each carry a recognition site which binds nicotinic agonists such as ACh and antagonists such as the neuromuscular blocking agents. Whilst ACh must bind to both subunits to produce an effect, it is sufficient for... 

At the microscopic level, a single muscle cell has several hundred nuclei and a striped appearance derived from the pattern of myofilaments. Long, cylindrical muscle fibers are formed from several myoblasts in fetal development. Multiple nuclei are important in muscle cells because of the tremendous amount of activity in muscle. The myofilaments, actin and myosin, overlap one another in a very specific arrangement. Myosin is a thick pro-... 

In the placenta a volume of oxygen sufficient for fetal needs must diffuse across the membranes from maternal to fetal blood during the short time the two circulations are in close contact. This oxygen transfer is a function of several factors which include uterine and umbilical arterial 02 partial pressures, maternal and fetal placental blood flow rates, the 02 capacity and 02 affinity of maternal and fetal hemoglobin, the diffusing capacity of the placenta, the amount of C02 exchanged, and the vascular arrangement of maternal to fetal vessels. 

Figure 3. Fetal capillary-tissue-maternal bloody cylindrical arrangement Mathematical Analysis...

Figure 4. Fetal capiUary matemal blood, cylindrical arrangement...

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