Ferromanganese concretions

Harriss, R.C. Troup, A.G. 1969. Freshwater Ferromanganese Concretions Chemistry and Internal Structure. Science, 166, 604-606. 

Harriss, R.C. and Troup, A.G., 1970. Chemistry and origin of freshwater ferromanganese concretions. Limnol. Oceanogr., 15 702—712. 

Ehrlich (1975) has recently reviewed aspects of microbial participation in the formation of ferromanganese concretions in the deep sea. Other aspects of the biogeochemistry of ferromanganese nodules are given by Lundgren and Dean in Chapter 4. 

Ehrlich, H.L., 1975. The formation of ores in the sedimentary environment of the deep sea with microbial participation The case for ferromanganese concretions. Soil Sci., 119 36—41. 

Shallow-water continental margin ferromanganese concretions have been reported in a number of areas such as the Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Kara Sea, Loch Fy ne, Scotland, and Jervis Inlet, British Columbia (Calvert and Price 1977). In fact, these were the first type of marine Mn deposits to be discovered, during the 1868 Sofia expedition to the Kara Sea led by A.E. Norden-skioldfEamey 1990). 

Table 11.6 Average composition of ferromanganese concretions from various basins of the Baltic Sea. Mn and Fe in per cent Co, Ni, Cu and Zn in ppm (after Glasby et al. 1997a).

Glasby, G.P., Uscinowicz, S.Z. and Sochan, J.A., 1996. Marine ferromanganese concretions from the Polish exclusive economic zone Influence of Major Inflows of North Sea Water. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 14 335-352. 

Pliiger, W.L., Friedrich, G. and Staffers, P., 1985. Environmental controls of the formation of deep-sea ferromanganese concretions. Monograph Series on Mineral Deposits, 25 31-52. 

K., Ikuta, K., and Ali, A.A., 1998. Distribution of rare earth and other elements, and the mineralogy of the iron oxyhydroxide phase in marine ferromanganese concretions from within Slupsk Furrow southern Baltic Sea, off Poland. Applied Geochemistry, 13 305-312. 

Figure 30. Speciation of Ni and Zn in a ferromanganese nodule from the Morvan region, France (Baize and Chretien 1994 Latrille et al. 2001 Manceau et al. 2002b). a) Photomicrograph of a soil thin section (30 pm thick) containing embedded ferromanganese concretions, b) Average enrichment factor of elements in soil nodules. Adapted from Palumbo et al. (2001) and Childs (1975). c) pSXRF elemental maps recorded on beamline 7.3.3 at the ALS (Berkeley). Beam energy 10 keV, illuminated area 14 pm (H) x 11 pm (V), step size 20 x 20 pm, dwell time 3s/pt.

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